Annihilation of Matter with Anti-Matter

Introduction

It is well known that when matter and anti-matter collide, both particles will be annihilated. I was thinking about what the process might be, and I realized it is easy to understand.

In brief: the particles approach each other at very high velocity. And because their fields are pointing the same direction, they will not be repelled. Thus, the two particles will collide, at high speeds, which will cause both particles to break apart into tiny pieces.

Basic Concepts

The basic concepts which apply here are: 1) the high speeds of the particles, and 2) the opposite directions of the fields.

1. High Speed

This situation differs from the formation of the neutron in that the speed of the electron is very slow. In the case of the neutron, the internal energy of the electron is very low, which allows the electron to be pulled into the proton core (by gravitational energy) at a gentle rate. We then have an event similar to a moon probe softly landing on the moon.

Contrast this with the high speeds of the matter to anti-matter particles. Both particles have high internal energy, and are traveling at very high speeds. Therefore, when the particles do touch each other it will be a high speed collision, not a gentle approach.

This high speed collision will result in both particles annihilating each other. This is the same as would occur for any high speed collision.

2. The Opposite Directions of the Fields

The other important aspect is the opposite directions of the fields. This allows the particles to come close together.

For example, electrons never get close to each other, despite their high speeds. This is because they are repelled by their fields. Each field flows in the opposite direction as they approach, which then pushes both particles backward.

Yet if we have the anti-matter of the electron, then the field will be pointed inward toward the electron core. Therefore, when the electron and this anti-electron come close, they will not be repelled. Indeed, the two particles can come close enough to touch.

Then, as the two particles approach: if the speeds are slow, then the particles will join. However, if the speeds are very high, then the particles will collide with great energy, and break apart.

These are the basic concepts of the annihilation of matter with anti-matter particles.

Background Concepts

Before we proceed, we should look at some background concepts. These include matter vs. anti-matter; and negative vs. positive electrical field.

Matter vs Anti-Matter

Scientists have long ago defined matter vs. anti-matter. These are two particles which are identical in structure, except their electrical fields are opposite. For example, the “matter” may be an electron, and the “anti-matter” would be a particle with the same size as the electron, but a positive charge.

Negative Charge vs Positive Charge

The next question is what exactly is a negative charge? What is a positive charge? Scientists have pondered this for a while, but I came up with a simple solution which I believe is the correct one.

A “negative charge” is simply a set of electrical energy strings which extend from a particle outward into the space beyond. Thus, the electrical field we measure is simply coming into contact with these outward pointing electrical energy strings.

The “positive charge” is the same set of energy strings, just pointing the opposite direction. Thus, the positive charge of any particle is where there are electrical energy strings attached to the particle, but flowing inward to the particle core, rather than outward to the space beyond.

You will also notice that we never measure the positive charge directly; we only measure the negative charge…or the movement of negative charge relative to the positively charged entity.

Common Matter / Anti-Matter

There are really only four stable particles: photons, electrons, protons, and neutrons. Photon cores do not have a charge, and neutrons are essentially proton cores, therefore for matter/anti-matter combinations we really have only two options for the matter: electrons and protons. (Note that I do not consider quarks, because most are unstable and exist for less than a second).

Therefore the most important combinations to consider are

1. The electron and the anti-electron

2. The proton and the anti-proton

The anti-electron is the same size and structure as the electron, only the fields are reversed. In the electron, the electrical energy strings flow outward from the particle. In the anti-electron, the electrical energy strings flow inward toward the center of the particle.

Similarly, the anti-proton is the same size and structure as the proton, only the fields are reversed. In the proton, the electrical strings flow inward, from the surface, into the particle core. In the anti-proton, the electrical strings flow outward (same as for the electron) into the space beyond.

It is of course possible for any quarks to be made as anti-matter quarks. However, all the quarks are unstable, breaking up on their own in less than a second. Therefore, I do not consider these to be of importance in the matter to anti-matter annihilation discussions.

Details of Matter to Anti-Matter Annihilation

Introduction

Now that we are clear on the basic concepts of matter vs anti-matter, and the physical structure of particles with their electric energy fields, we can discuss the details of particle annihilation when the matter collides with the respective anti-matter.

Electron and Anti-Electron

Let us use the situation of the electron and its counterpart the anti-electron. As stated above, the particles are the same, except one has its electrical field strings extending outward, while the other has its electrical field strings pointing inward.

For simplicity, let us assume that these particles are not attached to any atom. They are free particles, each flying through space on its own.

Both of these particles are flying around at very high speeds. They are tiny particles, and therefore the odds of them meeting are very small. But if they are headed on a collision course, then they will indeed collide. Because the electron’s fields point outward, and the anti-electron’s fields point inward, the fields are essentially pointing in the same direction. They will not be repelled. In fact, the energy fields will want to join, and therefore will want to pull the particles together.

Therefore, because of the course of the particles, and because of the fields being in the same direction, the particles will collide.

Speed of the Particles

Now we come to the important aspect of the speed of the particles. Remember that any particle can have any range of internal energy, and therefore many possible speeds.

In this situation, if the speeds of the two particles are very slow, then they will gently touch, and they will become a new particle. More specifically, the electron will be pulled into the anti-electron with a combination of electrical field energy and gravitational energy. These two particles will now travel as a single entity throughout the universe.

However, if the speeds of the two particles are very fast, then as the two particles come in contact with each other there will be a major collision. This will be the same as any two objects colliding at high velocities.

Therefore, it is not just the fields which allow the particles to annihilate, but also the internal energies of the particles. The fields allow the particles to come into physical contact (vs repelling each other); yet what happens next will depend on the internal energy of those particles.  

Proton and Anti-Proton

Introduction

Now let us turn to the proton and the anti-proton. Again, we begin with these two particles traveling on their own through space. If their trajectories are aligned, then these particles will head directly toward each other.

Anti-Proton Similar to Electron

Notice that the anti-proton here is similar to the electron. We are familiar with a negatively charged electron, but not as much with the negatively charged proton core. Yet they are similar.

If two anti-protons approached each other, they would repel each other. This is because the electrical fields of both are pointing outward, and will push each other away. Thus, in this case, it is not so much the proton, but the anti-proton, which needs special conditions for landing.

The proton itself has no fields extending outward, and will never repel anything. Therefore any particle, with any field direction, is capable of hitting the proton. (What happens after the collision will again depend on the speed of the particles).

Let us then discuss several variations of proton collisions, starting with the proton to proton collision, at slow speed.

1. Proton to Proton Collision, at slow speed

We begin with the proton to proton collision, at low speed. There are no fields to repel the particles, so the protons can come all the way into each other.

If the protons have very low energy, and very slow speed, then as the protons come close the gravitational energy will pull the protons fully together. This will be the beginning of the nucleus.

Indeed: the formation of the nucleus begins with protons (and neutrons) at lower speeds, being pulled together with gravity strings. At this point, the nuclear binding strings will take over, and make a permanent nuclear bond.

2. Proton to Proton Collision, at high speed

If the protons are traveling at high speed, then other possibilities may occur. Again, because there are no outward fields there is nothing to repel, and the protons can come into full contact. However, if the protons are traveling at very high speeds, then one of two options will occur:

a. Billiard ball effect (repelling each other upon impact)

b. Both particles annihilated

Note that the second effect is well known, and is used in super colliders to break apart the particles in the atoms. This process tears apart the atom - not only into the separate protons and neutrons, but this also annihilates the protons and neutrons into much smaller pieces.

Thus, the activities of the super colliders are exactly the same as the matter to anti-matter collisions. Again, we see it is not the fields that create the annihilations, but the speed at which the particles hit each other which creates the annihilations.

3. Anti-Proton to Proton Collision, at Slow Speed

Now let us turn to the collisions between protons and anti-protons. The effects will be the same as for the collisions between protons and protons. This means that at slow speeds, the particles will form the nucleus; and at higher speeds the particles will either rebound off each other or annihilate each other.

When the anti-proton comes close the proton, at slow speeds, the gravitational energy will take over and pull the particles together. In addition, the electrical field strings of the anti-proton will pull the anti-proton to the proton; and the electrical strings will merge into one set of strings.

We then have a bonding of proton core to proton core, connected not only by gravity, but by electrical energy strings as well. This increases the bonding between the proton cores.

Then, as with proton to proton bonding, the nuclear energy strings take over, and make a very strong nuclear bond between the proton and anti-proton.

Therefore, when proton and anti-proton come together at slow speeds we have the formation of a nucleus. Indeed, I suspect that many of the atoms in the universe actually have anti-protons where we think there are regular protons. From our vantage point, there is no way to tell the difference.

4. Anti-Proton to Proton Collision, at High Speed

When the anti-proton and the proton come together at high speeds, the same things happen for the proton hitting a proton at high speed. This means that the particles will either bounce off each other, or they will annihilate each other.

Annihilation will occur if the internal energies of each particle are really high. If the energy of the particles are great enough then as they collide the energy exchange upon impact will blow apart both particles. What is left will be mere fragments of each particle.

Again, this annihilation is due to the internal energy of the particles upon impact, and not as much related to the directions of the fields. The direction of the fields can help the particles get close (as in the electron and anti-electron) but it is really the high speed collision that causes the annihilation.

Particle Fragments and Energy Strings

Annihilated Particles are Sections of Intertwined Energy Strings

Once the two particles have been annihilated, what exactly do we have left? To answer that, we must return to our new understanding of particle structures.

In our new models of particle structures, all particles are composed of intertwined energy strings. These are magnetic and electric energy strings which are intertwined and looped upon themselves. This basic structure applies to all particles.

Therefore, when any one of these particles is annihilated, what have is broken fragments of the particle. We have sections of intertwined energy strings. We have pieces of energy strings.

Thus, the particle as an object no longer exists, but we do have pieces; and those pieces are energy strings or sections of intertwined energy strings.

Also note, contrary to some popular science fiction, the annihilation of particles will not destroy the entire universe. J

What Happens to the Pieces?

Now that we have annihilated particles into these tiny pieces of energy strings, what happens next? The answer is simple: particles will form, and energy will travel.

Some of the pieces will come back together and loop into themselves, making new particles. If the particles are stable, they will remain, and the atoms will be rebuilt again. If the particles are unstable, then the strings will break apart, and float around until a new arrangement is made - one that is more stable.

Other energy strings have been blasted far away…and they will continue to travel as free energy strings until they enter another particle.

Along the way, some of these energy strings will find each other and merge into longer strings, perhaps making their own special particles along the way.

Therefore, you can see that though two particles may be annihilated, the universe has not been destroyed. The pieces will reform particles, and smaller pieces will migrate into particles far away.

Indeed: the energy strings will be reshaped and reformed, but never entirely destroyed. They will travel, but never vanish.

Neutrino and Photon Emission from Particle Annihilation

Introduction

In many cases of matter to anti-matter annihilation, we observe not only free energy but also the emission of a neutrino or a photon. This can be easily explained when you understand the new models of particles.

In brief: these neutrons or photons exist within the other particles already. Therefore, when the matter and anti-matter particles collide and annihilate, the neutrino or photon is released as well.

Neutrinos are the Same as Photon Cores 

The first thing to know is that neutrinos are the same as photon cores. Therefore when the matter to anti-matter annihilation occurs, we will see either particle being emitted.

The details of the photon core and the neutrino are explained in my book “Photons in Motion”. (The book is almost completed and will be available soon). For the purposes of this article, I will give a very short summary:

There are three terms to know: photon system, photon core, and neutrino. The photon core and the neutrino are the same entity - though not recognized as such until now. The difference between the photon system and the photon core is that the photon system contains electric and magnetic field energy, whereas the photon core does not. The photon core (or neutrino) is simply a neutral particle traveling through space.

Therefore, for the purposes of this article, we can know that the “photon” is simply a neutrino with electric and magnetic energy attached. Conversely, a neutrino is the same as a photon without any electric or magnetic energy.

The Neutrino: Everywhere and Easily Absorbed

I believe the neutrino is everywhere. I believe that there are many neutrinos zipping through the air, and all of space, all the time. In fact, I am guessing that there are more neutrinos in the universe than any other type of particle.

Furthermore, these neutrinos are easily absorbed. A neutrino is a very tiny particle, and therefore when the neutrino meets an electron or proton (or their anti-matter versions) the neutron will easily fly into the electron or proton, and remain there for a period of time.

Because of this, I believe that a great many of the electrons, protons, and neutrons of the universe will have a neutrino located inside. These neutrinos will be bouncing around inside the electron or proton, as that electron or proton spins and moves forward.

The neutrino of course can leave the electron or proton, but because of the larger particle moving around, it is difficult for the tiny neutrino to find its way out. Therefore, the neutrino will stay within any electron, anti-electron, proton, or anti-proton, for a significant amount of time before exiting again.

This is where we will find the neutrino when the matter to anti-matter annihilation occurs.

Neutrino or Photon Emission after Particle Annihilation

The observation of neutrino emission or photon emission after some matter to anti-matter annihilations can then be explained as follows:

When an electron and anti-electron come into contact - at their very high speeds - one of those particles (perhaps both) will contain a neutrino at the time of the collision. The electron and anti-electron, because of their high speeds, will annihilate each other.

This results in both particles being broken apart, into free energy strings. If a neutrino was inside, then this neutrino will also be released. Therefore what we observe is the presence of pure energy and a neutrino.

Furthermore, it is possible for a photon to form. A photon will be formed when a neutrino (aka “photon core”) exists, then a set of electric and magnetic energy strings becomes attached to this neutrino. (See the book “Photons in Motion” for more details).

Indeed, these are the exact items we have here. The neutrino already existed, and has now been made free. Then the electron and anti-electron were both composed of electric and magnetic energy strings; these have been broken apart into groups of free energy strings. Therefore, it is very easy for the photon to assemble: the energy strings quickly attach themselves to the neutrino, and the neutrino becomes a photon, flying through the air.

This is the basic process for observing neutrinos or photons being emitted after a matter to anti-matter annihilation.

Summary

The process of matter to anti-matter annihilation can now be more easily understood. The annihilation is a result of the high speeds, not the fields. However, the direction of fields is important because that allows the particles to come together at these high speeds.

Matter vs. Anti-Matter

The difference between anti-matter and matter is the direction of the fields. Scientists have always defined anti-matter as being the same type of particle as the “matter” - including mass and diameter, with the only difference being an “opposite electrical field”. However what this “opposite field” meant as physical reality was unknown until now.

Today we can say that an electrical field is simply a set of electrical strings which is attached to a particle; and the opposite field is simply a set of electrical strings flowing in an opposite direction. Specifically: a negative electrical field has electrical energy strings flowing from the particle surface outward. Conversely a positive electrical field has electrical energy strings flowing from the particle surface inward.

Events Determined By Field Directions and Speed

When two particles approach each other, what happens next depends first on the directions of the fields, and second on the speeds.

If the field strings are pointing in the opposite direction when they meet (such as both flowing outward) then these field strings will repel each particle. However, if the field strings are pointing in the same direction when they meet (such as one field flowing outward and the other field flowing inward), then the two particles can come close enough to touch.

Slow Speed vs. High Speed of Particles

Then we must consider the speed of the particles. If the particles are moving at slow speeds, then they will gently touch. The particles will join, being held together by both gravity strings and electrical field strings. The formation of the neutron is a classic example of this process.

However, if the speeds of the two particles are extremely fast then the two particles will collide with great energy. This will result in annihilation of both particles. This effect is commonly observed in the particle accelerators (commonly known as atom smashers). Therefore, it is the speed of the particles, not the fields, which creates the annihilation.

Annihilation Results in Pure Energy

When an annihilation occurs, both particles are blown into tiny pieces. Any particle is made of intertwined electric and magnetic energy strings. Therefore, the annihilation will result in sections of intertwined energy strings, as well as many free floating individual pieces of strings.

Because of this process, what we observe after an annihilation is the “disappearance” of both particles, as well as the “creation” of pure energy.

Neutrinos and Photons Emitted with Annihilation

In many cases of annihilation, neutrinos or photons will be emitted. The most likely cause is that neutrinos were previously absorbed and residing in one of the larger particles. Then, as the larger particles were broken apart, the neutrino was released.

Furthermore, a photon can be formed easily from the pieces. A photon is essentially a neutrino with electric and magnetic energy strings attached. Therefore, after an electron has been broken into pieces, some of those electric and magnetic energy strings will quickly attach to the neutrino, and create a photon.

Creation of Short-Lived Smaller Particles

It is also commonly observed for smaller particles (always short-lived) to be formed after an annihilation. This is simply due to some of the pieces of the broken particles (the sections of intertwined energy strings) to loop up themselves and form these new particles. However, these particles are never stable; quickly breaking apart again into groups of energy strings.

These are the basic processes of annihilation of particles, particularly for the annihilation of matter with its anti-matter counterpart.

Mark Fennell

11/4/2015

 

 

 

 

 

How Electrical Current Flows: The Three Main Processes

Introduction

I have been studying electrical current and the processes of energy transfer for a long time. From my research I have come to realize that electrical current does not always flow in using the same processes. That is, there is not just one process which we can call “electrical current.”

Electrical Current and Electrical Energy

Let us begin with the concept of what “electrical current” actually means. An electrical current does not necessarily mean the flow of electrons. The electron is merely the carrier, it is the transporter. What we are really interested in is the electrical energy.

Also note that this electrical energy exists in the form of “electrical energy strings”. I have discussed and illustrated these energy string in various published books and papers.

Thus, an “electric current” is fundamentally the movement of electrical energy from one place to another. And this means the movement of electrical energy strings from one place to another.

This electric energy is primarily carried by electrons, and is primarily transferred from one electron to another electron. However, the electrons are merely the carriers. This allows the process of electrical current to occur in several ways.

The Three Main Processes of Electrical Current

From my research I have seen three main processes for electrical current. That is, there are three main ways in which electrical energy is transferred from point A to point B.

1. The electrons physically move from one location to another. [This is the process in batteries].

2. Energy is transferred from electron to electron, like the passing of a baton from one runner to the next. The electrons themselves only move a short distance. [This is the process for Alternating Current in power lines].

3. Extra electrons attach to a molecule (creating an ion), the molecule then migrates, and the electron leaves the molecule at the new destination. In this way the electrical energy is transferred across distances. [This happens for ions in solution, and for some molecules in the body]. 

Simple Analogy Comparison Among the Methods

We can use a simple analogy to compare the three mechanisms of electrical current. Think of a man with a message, written on a rolled up document. In this analogy, the message is like our electrical energy, and the man is like an electron.

1. In the first mechanism, the man runs a full hundred miles with the message. He takes this message himself, all the way to the destination.

2. In the second mechanism, there are a series of 50 men, each just two miles apart. The first man runs with the message two miles, and passes it to the next. He runs two miles, and passes the message to the third. In this way each man only runs a short distance, and yet the message gets sent a hundred miles.

3. In the third mechanism, the man hops on a truck. Forget running, he gets a free ride. The truck carries him the hundred miles. At the final destination the man hops off the truck, with the message.

Those are the main differences between the three most common mechanisms of electrical current. Further details will be described below.

1. The electrons physically move from one location to another.

The first process is in which electrons physically move from one place to another. This is what is commonly thought of as the process of electrical current. However it is important to realize that this is not the only process.

Free Electrons
It is also important to realize that the electrons must be absolutely free. That is, these electrons must first be totally separated from their atoms. At this point, these electrons can move freely on their own.

If these electrons are in space or in the air, they will travel some distance, on their own internal energy, before encountering another object. However, these motions can be random, scattered, and not quite “useful”. Therefore, a wire is placed next to the free electrons. This wire allows the electrons to travel in one simple path, to the desired destination. Thus, our free electrons have traveled from one location to the next. This process is the first method of “electrical current”.

Gravity and Free Electrons

As an advanced understanding, know that gravity will also have an influence. Once the electrons are free, they are entities in space like any other object (such as planets). And just as a planet’s motion is influenced by the gravity of the sun, so the free electron will be influenced by the gravity of nearby atomic nuclei. Therefore, in addition to the free electron moving on its own, the gravitational pull of nearby atoms can also pull on the electron. This can be used to our advantage, particularly in batteries.

In a battery there are two metals. The metal with weaker gravitational pull will be the one that loses the electrons. It is easier to pull electrons away from their atoms. Then on the other side we have a metal with a stronger gravitational pull. Once an electron is free, it will be pulled gravitationally toward that second metal.

Thus a battery uses this first mechanism of electrical current as follows: We first pull off electrons from one metal, making them free electrons. These free electrons would travel in haphazard directions, so we use a wire to encourage their path in one direction. This direction of flow is further aided by the gravitational pull of the second metal, at the other end of the wire.

Thus, we can see the process of electrical current in the form of free electron movement, during the operation of our battery.

Additional Information in My Books

Note that more details (and illustrations) on the processes of Batteries can be found in my book “Introduction to Electrical Power”.

2. Energy is transferred from electron to electron

Overview

The second mechanism for electrical current is where the electrical energy is transferred from one electron to another. This is essentially the same process as a baton being passed from one runner to the next. Thus, the energy is transferred over long distances, though each electron only travels a very short distance. We see this process commonly for alternating current as used in power lines.

Energy Transfer From Electron to Electron

Let us begin with our analogies. In a relay race there are a series of runners, each placed at various distances. Yet there is only one baton. Each runner reaches the next person, hands off the baton, and the second runner proceeds. He passes the baton to the third runner, and so on. The passing of electrical energy can be done in exactly the same way.

We begin by putting a significant amount of electrical energy into the first electron. This starts the electron moving forward. When this electron reaches the next electron, all of that electrical energy is handed over to the second electron. At this point the second electron takes off. (You will also notice that the first electron slows down). Note that this is very much like our runners: the first runner stops running, while the second runner picks up speed. Energy transfer from electron to electron will occur in exactly the same way.

Long Distances

We can do this for long distances. Think of the messengers of ancient Greece: Using a series of several runners, these messengers could carry one paper document for hundreds of miles. In the same way, we can use a series of many electrons to carry our electrical energy over hundreds of miles. Indeed, that is what we do with the transmission lines which carry our electrical power.

Power Loss

There will of course be some power loss along the way. (See my books on Electrical Power for more details). Thus, eventually the electrons will not be able to transfer any more electrical energy. This can be remedied by sending much more electrical energy at the beginning of the process; with the same amount of power loss, there will still be enough electrical energy to keep the process going for many additional miles.

Electrons Do NOT Move Far

In this process it is important to note that the electrons do NOT move very far. In fact, they only move across a few atoms.

These electrons are not truly free in the way that the electrons in the battery system are free. Rather, these electrons are still attached to the atomic systems – loosely yes, but still attached. [More specifically, each electron leaves its atomic system only to be grabbed by the next atomic system. And yet this connection is always so minimal that these electrons are like a raft floating on the water].

You can also look at this from our analogy of the runners. In ancient Greece one runner traveled only a limited distance; he did not run the full hundred miles. The message traveled over hundreds of miles, but not any one individual runner. The same situation exists for our electrons and electrical current: the electrical energy was transferred for hundreds of miles, but each electron traveled only a few millimeters.

Alternating Current

A brief note on the “alternating” aspect of electrical current. Using the alternating current we pull all electrons back to their original positions. Then, we can begin the process again.

Use the analogy of the runners: after one runner has passed on his baton or his message to another runner, he is able to walk back to where he started. He can return to his regular position, able to receive another baton or another message, and do the running again.

In the same way, we pull back the electrons to their original position. Then, we can again add electrical energy to the first electron. This electrical energy will be passed along to the second electron, and so on, just as before.

Note that meanwhile…as this is going on…the original electrical energy we sent is continuing to be passed on from electron to electron, hundreds of miles away.

The Brilliance of AC Current and Transfer of Electrical Energy

Thus, using this mechanism, we can continue to send pulses of electrical energy down the power line. We can do this by transferring the energy from electron to electron, with very little movement from the electrons themselves. These electrons can be put back in position, while the original energy is continuing to be handed down through the wire.

This is the brilliant mechanism which Tesla came up with, and has allowed us to send electrical energy (known as electrical current) without ever depleting our source of electrons.

Additional Information in My Books

Note that more details (and illustrations) on the processes of Alternating Current, and on the processes of Batteries can be found in my book “Introduction to Electrical Power”. I also have a fuller list of comparisons between the two processes of electrical current. A further resource is my book on Transmission of Electrical Power. 

3. Extra electrons attach to a molecule, and the molecule migrates

The third mechanism for electrical current is a bit different from the previous two. This mechanism involves extra electrons hitching a ride on molecules. Thus we have two carriers of electrical energy simultaneously: the electron carries the electrical energy, and yet the electron is also being carried by the molecule. This is like the man who hops on the back of a truck, enjoys the free ride, then hops of again at the destination.

When an extra electron attached to a molecule that molecule becomes a “negative ion”. In terms of our electrical energy this means: the electrical energy contained in our electron is now also part of the molecular system. (Still contained in the electron, but the electron has joined the molecule, and so everything travels together).

If this molecule is in solution, then the molecule will be able to migrate. It is something like a ship traveling across the sea. And as the “ship” travels, so do all “passengers” – which in this case means all electrons and all electrical energy in those electrons.

When this molecule reaches its destination, then the extra electron can hop off the molecule. Of course the electrical energy contained in that electron will go along with it. Thus, in this way, the electrical energy has traveled from one location to another. This can be considered to be a type of “electrical current”.

This type of mechanism is observed mostly for ionized molecules in solution. We commonly see this in the solution parts of batteries. We also see this within the cells of biological organisms.

Summary-Review

An electrical current is not simply the movement of free electrons. An “electric current” is fundamentally the movement of electrical energy from one place to another. This means the movement of electrical energy strings from one place to another.

This electric energy (as electrical energy strings) is primarily carried by electrons. However, the electrons are merely the carriers, what really makes the electrical current is the traveling of electrical energy. Therefore this allows the process of electrical current to occur in several ways. From my research I have seen three main processes for electrical current:

1. Free electrons physically move from one location to another. [This is the process in batteries].

2. Energy is transferred from electron to electron, like the passing of a baton from one runner to the next. The electrons themselves only move a short distance. [This is the process for Alternating Current in power lines].

3. Extra electrons attach to a molecule (creating an ion), the molecule then migrates, and the electron leaves the molecule at the new destination. In this way the electrical energy is transferred across distances. [This happens for ions in solution, and for some molecules in the body].

Further Reading

For additional explanation and illustrations read the following books I have written:

A. Introduction to Electrical Power, by Mark Fennell

B. Transmission of Electrical Power, by Mark Fennell

C. Fundamental Properties of Electromagnetic Energy, by Mark Fennell

D. New Concepts of Energy Strings, by Mark Fennell (paper, soon to be published)

E. Photons in Motion, by Mark Fennell (available soon)

 

 

Preface for Creation and Emission of EM Energy

The following is the Preface from my soon to be published book

"The Creation and Emission of Electromagnetic Energy."

Overview

This book is the second in a series on my discoveries related to electromagnetic energy, energy fields, and subatomic particles.

The primary focus of The Creation and Emission of Electromagnetic Energy is exactly as the title suggests: explaining and illustrating exactly how electromagnetic energy is launched from an electron.

Yet this book is so much more. In the process of explaining how electromagnetic energy is emitted we cover so many more significant discoveries. Among these discoveries you will find:

• The solution for particle-wave duality for the electron.
• A new understanding of electron structure and motion.
• An advanced understanding of electrical current.
• New models of molecular bonds.
• The exact process for photon emission.
• The reason why one photon is emitted rather than another.
• My General Principle of Energy Transfer.
  and, of course:
• My General Principle for Particle-Wave Duality.

Each of these discoveries is significant. Together, they provide a rich understanding of energy, electrons, and more.

I have done my very best as a science teacher to make these discoveries as accessible as possible to readers of all backgrounds. Every concept is explained as clearly as possible, with numerous full color illustrations. Key concepts and discoveries are summarized in boxes, as well as a full summary of all points at the end. 

A few of the significant discoveries presented in this book will be highlighted briefly below.

Particle-Wave Duality of the Electron:

Solved and Demonstrated

One of the most significant discoveries presented in this book is the solution for the particle-wave duality of the electron. For almost 100 years, the electron was considered to be both a particle and a wave. Yet nobody knew exactly why, until now!

This extended into the view that the electron was mostly a wave, which led to further elaborations such as the Schrodinger Wave Equation, the Probability Wave, the Standing Wave, and the Electron Cloud.

For the first time anywhere, the true physical nature of the electron, as both particle and wave, is fully understood and illustrated. I demonstrate for you, step by step, exactly how an electron as particle creates the wave-like patterns.

I explain and illustrate the true physical nature of the electron as wave in an orbital. This leads to a detailed explanation of the physical nature of the associated wave concepts of Standing Wave and the Electron Cloud.

I then show how the electron creates a wave-like pattern as a free electron. (The process is different, and must be distinguished).

Again, for almost a century nobody has been able to accurately explain and illustrate the physical nature of particle-wave duality for the electron. Therefore, this is a significant discovery and presentation to the scientific community.

General Principle of Particle-Wave Duality

This leads to the General Principle of Particle-Wave Duality. I created this principle by combining three individual discoveries.

1. The physical nature particle-wave duality for electromagnetic energy. (First presented to the public in Book 1 of this series, with more detailed explanation in Book 3).

2. The physical nature of particle-wave duality for an electron in an orbit.

3. The physical nature of particle-wave duality for a free electron.

I have combined these discoveries into a single General Principle, which explains all of particle-wave duality.

To put the significance of this General Principle in perspective, remember the following:

For over a century, the particle-wave duality of electromagnetic energy was known, yet none of the scientists could figure out why (including Einstein, Bohr, and Heisenberg). I have solved this mystery.

For almost a century, the particle-wave duality of the electron was known, and the debate on the true nature of the electron has been vigorous. I have figured out the structure of the electron. And I am the first person to demonstrate the actual cause of particle-wave duality of the electron.

And now, I have also put all of these discoveries together into a short General Principle of Particle-Wave Duality. This is presented here for the first time.

General Principle of Energy Transfer

Another important principle I have developed is the General Principle of Energy Transfer.

After spending so many years working with energy, I have come to understand the processes of energy in many arenas. From this, I have developed the General Principle of Energy Transfer.

In one simple sentence, I state exactly what energy transfer is, for the majority of process in the universe. Simple, yet profound. The applications of this Principle will be numerous.

Advanced Understanding of Electrical Current

You may think that electrical current is already well understood, but it is not. I have made several discoveries related to the actual process of electrical current. In this book you will learn many aspects of electrical current which are much more physically accurate than what is being taught today.

Any one of these discoveries would be significant; in this book you have all of them. These many discoveries are presented together, thus giving you at one setting a significantly more accurate understanding of electrical current. 

 

Structure and Motion of the Electron

Several sections of this book discuss the structure and the motions of the electron. Understanding the structure and the motions of the electron will lead us to full understanding of how emission of electromagnetic energy occurs. This will also help us understand the particle-wave duality of the electron. Therefore, understanding the structure and motion of the electron is very important.

Many details will be introduced and illustrated in this book. However, do note that a later book will have full illustrations of the composition of the electron, and full illustrations of all electron motion.

Yet, do know that I have worked out the entire structure of the electron. Know that I have worked out the entire sets of motions of the electron (causes, directions, and strengths).

All of these concepts are new to the world. The most important of these concepts are introduced here for the first time.

 

Creation and Emission of EM Energy

The primary topic of this book is the creation and emission of electromagnetic energy.

You probably know that an electron releases excess energy by emitting a photon. Yet how exactly does the electron emit that photon? For the first time, the process is completely understood.

Therefore, after you understand the structure and components of the electron, after you understand the cause of electron motion, and after you understand the General Principle of Energy Transfer, then you are ready to understand exactly how an electron will emit a burst of electromagnetic energy.

The exact process is understood for the first time, and here fully explained and illustrated.

A similar question is: why will an electron emit one frequency photon over another? This too is understood and explained for the first time. The answer is in a concept I call the “Threshold Percentage”, which I discuss frequently throughout this book.

 

Power Lines and Antennas

Electromagnetic energy is usually emitted by: power lines, antennas, molecular bonds, or atomic electrons. In this book I show the process for each.

I first explain the process of EM emission from a power line. (This is where the discussion of electrical current is important, along with all the new discoveries related to current). I then show how the radio antenna is similar to the power line, and therefore explain the process of radio antenna transmission as an extension of the emissions from a power line.

I also offer a few practical points related to the emission of electromagnetic energy from power lines and antennas.

 

Molecular Bonds

Molecular bonds are significant sources for emission of electromagnetic energy. Therefore these molecular bonds are discussed and illustrated in detail.

Unique to this book are several new models of molecular bonds. These new models explain simply and accurately the process of molecular vibration. These models also explain the process of electromagnetic energy emission, from any one electron in a molecular bond.

All of these models and explanations are new to the world.

 

Contribution to the Next Generation

In total, this book has numerous discoveries, many of which will undoubtedly be significant assets for the scientific community. I am pleased to offer this collection of discoveries to fellow scientists, to students, and to all curious readers.

I have also done my very best work as a science teacher to make these discoveries as accessible as possible to readers of all backgrounds. Every concept is explained as clearly as possible, with numerous full color illustrations. Key concepts and discoveries are summarized in boxes. In addition, there is a full summary of all points at the end. 

It is my hope that these discoveries become standard concepts for the next generation of thinkers, and that the illustrations become commonplace teaching aids for the future.

May you be as enlightened and excited by reading these discoveries as I have been in providing these discoveries to you.

 

                                                                                         

                                                                              Mark Fennell