Space-Time is Graph, NOT reality

Space-Time is Graph, NOT Reality

by Mark Fennell

November 2, 2019

Space-Time is a type of graph. It is a way to represent reality. However, it is not reality itself. Most people do not understand this. In fact, the majority of scientists who believe in Space-Time treat the graph as reality, instead of just graph paper.

All graphs are a representation of reality. They are not reality themselves. They are useful tools, but they do not have physical existence in our lives.

The Bar Graph

For example, look at a Bar Graph. The bar graph is a series of columns, which have different heights along the Y axis. Each one is usually a different category, or variation of a topic, listed on the X axis.

These Bar Graphs are helpful to understand information. They do organize the data. But are they reality? No.

When we walk around, do we see columns of various heights? Do we see these various columns, with various colors and various heights, like a series of Greek columns? No, we do not. They do not have this physical reality.

It is a graph. It is a representation of information. Yet, it is not physical reality.

The Space-Time Graph

We can say the same thing regarding the Space-Time Graph. The space-time graph was created as way to understand information. When we want to understand the motions of many objects, over a significant period of time, then we use the space-time graph.

There is a lot of information. All of these objects, all of these motions, over this extended time period. This can be a lot of information to try to absorb in the mind. Therefore, the space-time graph is used to represent this information. In that respect, the space-time graph becomes a helpful tool. It is a way to see all of this information visually.

However, that is all it is. This is a type of graph. It is a visual aid. It is a tool.

The space-time graph represents aspects of reality. It is not reality itself. That is the difference.

Most scientists forget that it is just a graph. They mistake the graph of data for being a drawing of reality. But that is not what we have. It is a representation of information, in a visual format. It has never been a drawing or picture of reality itself.

Curvature of Space-Time

With this understanding of the space-time as graph, we can now explain all of the “oddities” of space-time. The first is the curvature of space-time.

In the theory of space-time, gravity is said to be a curvature in space time. We can understand this as curvature of…the Graph! It is not curvature of space or of time!

Take your graph paper. Bend it. Roll it. That is curvature of space-time. You notice that you are bending the graph…which causes the curves…in your graph paper. But this is just a graph. It is a representation of reality, it is not reality itself.

It is therefore not any real space or real time that is bent, it is only the drawings on the paper that become bent. This is a significant difference.

Ball on the Trampoline

Also, scientists will demonstrate the curvature of space time by dropping a bowling ball on trampoline. (This trampoline can also be any object with similar flexible layer). The bowling ball is said to represent a large object, like a star. The flexible layer of the trampoline or similar object is said to represent the space-time.

Thus, the bowling ball is dropped, and the skin layer is pressed down by the weight of the ball. The scientists say “see? that is the curvature of space-time!”

And yet, this demonstration is completely absurd.

Remember that the flexible layer of the trampoline is just graph paper! It is a very large piece of graph paper. It is a type of graph paper that does not tear. Yet it is just graph paper.

All they are doing is pressing an object into the large graph paper. Of course the graph paper will bend inward, under the weight of the heavy bowling ball. This is just Newtonian physics of the ball on the flexible layer. It is bent because of the gravitational interactions between flexible layer, ball, and the gravity of the earth. 

Yet there is no physical reality other than that. The universe does not in any way act as shown in the demonstration.

Black Hole and Singularity

This brings us to the idea of the black hole, and to the singularity.

The black hole is more properly called a Dark Star. It is in fact a star, a very large star. The mass and gravity of the star is so great that the photons nearby are pulled in, and therefore no light ever reaches an observer. This is the true reality of the Dark Star.

It is very Newtonian. In fact, its existence was first predicted just a few years after Newton published his Principia. This was long before Einstein or Hawking.

The more modern concepts are the “hole” of the black hole, and of the “singularity”.

In reality, neither such things exist. Yet on the graph paper…and only on the graph paper…they can exist.

Let’s play a game. Roll up a piece of paper into a cone. Pretend it is a telescope, and you are looking through it like a pirate. You will notice one end is large and open, the other end is small with only a tiny hole.

That is what we are doing with our space-time graph paper. We roll up our space-time graph paper into this cone shape. Our space-time graph paper is rolled up into this cone shape. This is how you get the “extreme curvature” of “Space-Time”.

Again, it is not reality. It is just on graph paper.

Now, look through the large hole end of your rolled up graph paper. What do you see? You see a tiny hole at the other end. This hole…this tiny hole…is the “hole” of the Black Hole. It is really just a tiny hole in your wrapped up graph paper, but it is a hole. That is where the idea of the “hole” of the Black Hole comes from.

Now, take your graph paper, and roll it even tighter. Tighter. Tighter. I want the cone shape of the graph paper to have an end, without any hole. You will also notice that the graph paper now ends. The graph paper cone now ends…as a single point.

This point…is the “singularity”…of the Space-Time.

From the perspective of the drawings of lines on the graph paper, all the data lines will circle, and wrap, ultimately coming to a single point. Yes, we have made the graph paper roll up into a single point. We have created this “singularity” of the space-time graph.

However, again, there is no physical reality of “singularity”. This is only the singularity of the graph. There is no singularity at the center of the Dark Star. In fact, it is just the opposite! The star is enormous! The reality of the Dark Star is quite the opposite of the geometrical concepts of hole and singularity of the graph paper.

Thus: there is no “hole” in the Black Hole. There is also no “singularity”, where time and space become a single point. All of this is just manipulations with drawings on the graph paper. The physical reality of the universe acts nothing like this. Not at all.

Let us Review: Space-Time is a Graph, NOT reality

We can now review the true nature of space-time. The concepts of “space-time” exist only on the graph paper. There are no physical realities related to space-time.

Space-Time is a graph. It is not physical reality.

The Space-Time Graph is very similar to the Bar Graph. In all graphs, data is plotted on a piece of paper, as visual aid. Yet this is not reality itself.

We do not see any of the Bars of the Bar Graphs in physical space. We do not see the lines of X-Y graphs, or the data points of scatter plots, in the physical reality. We don’t see these things, because they are representations of the data. These lines and points are not reality.

The graph is a tool, which we can use to help us understand the reality. Yet the graphs are never reality in themselves.

The same is true with the Space-Time Graphs. All concepts related to Space-Time are only concepts on a sheet of graph paper. We can certainly use the drawings on these graphs to help us understand complex information. However, in no way is there any physical reality associated with the Space-Time Graph.

Furthermore, all extensions of the space-time graph can ONLY be left to the graph paper. There can only be further predictions on what the future drawings on the graph will look like, not what the future of the reality in space will be.

There is no physical reality related to “Space-Time”. There never has been any physical reality. There never will be any physical reality. It is all on graph paper. And that is where all discussions of Space-Time belong.

Space-time discussions belong on the graph…and only…on the graph.

MF

November 2, 2019

Higgs Boson, Schrodinger Orbitals, and Space-Time: Proven or Not?

Here is a Trivia Question for you. Which of the following has actually been Proven:

a. Higgs Boson

b. Schrodinger Orbitals

c. Space-Time as Gravity

 

What is your guess?

The Correct Answer is “D”…. “None of the Above”!!

 

Despite what you may have been taught, despite what you may have heard through internet, NONE of those concepts have been proven true! There is no actual proof for any of them!

I have looked into each of these concepts in great detail, including the origins of each concept, and what was actually observed in relation to the concept. There is no proof, no observational evidence, for any of them.

I will expand briefly below.
 

Higgs Boson has NOT been Proven

There is no such thing as a “Higgs Boson”. It has not been observed, and even if it had, it cannot be the source of gravity.

What they actually “observed” were photons. Yes. When the Higgs Boson was “discovered”, all that was really discovered were some photons.

The Higgs supporters said that these photons were created from the decay of the Higgs Boson, and therefore these photons were proof of the Higgs Boson. However, these photons can come from many sources. They can come from many particles. The existence of these photons does not necessarily indicate the presence of a “Higgs Boson”.

Then there is the other question….which nobody seems to ask…despite their collective PhDs. This question can be posed as follows: if the Higgs Boson decays, then how can it be the source of gravity, which seems to be stable for centuries?

All of the Higgs Boson supporters will openly state that the Higgs Boson will decay quickly. Yet gravitational energy seems to be eternally stable in many locations. Therefore, anything which decays in less than a second cannot be the source of gravitational energy.

Thus, the Higgs Boson is a hoax. It does not exist. It has never been proven, cannot be the source of gravitational energy.
 

Schrodinger Orbitals have NOT been Proven

The Schrodinger Orbitals are taught a “facts” in every chemistry text book in the world, from high school to college. Yet there is no proof of these orbitals. In fact, they are incorrect.

I will cover this in much greater detail in my book “New Model of the Atom”. Here I will highlight the basic flaws in the Schrodinger Orbitals.

Let’s start with the Bohr-Somerfield Electron Orbits. Those orbits ARE ABSOLUTELY CORRECT. (In my upcoming book, I will show details of the formation and structure of those orbits).

However, the Schrodinger Orbitals have no basis in reality.

How did this come about? First, Schrodinger came up with an equation to describe the energies and possible locations of the electrons. This equation was based on a dubious assumption: that electrons are somehow waves and not particles.

Also note that Schrodinger had no real idea of what this “wave” looked like. Heisenberg himself said that Schrodinger’s understanding of physics was weak. (Heisenberg had much stronger words actually).

From this dubious assumption, Schrodinger created an equation. However, there is no data to fit his equation. Rather he had an equation, and now the scientists had to try and figure out what that equation meant.

Then…and still today…the physical interpretation of the equation is debated. That point makes it clear that there is no physical reality behind the equation.

Then it gets worse. The most common agreed interpretation of the equation is that it is a “probability wave”. A what? Yes. That is what they say…with a completely straight face.

This means the equation is not even describing electrons as waves, but a probability of where these electrons may reside. Using some magical “probability wave” concept.

Then the scientists draw shapes on graph paper, based on the equation. The shapes are not the path of the electrons, but the probability of where the electron might be.

What we end up with then is simply this: drawing shapes on graph paper, based on an equation, which has no basis in physical reality.

The entire set up of the Schrodinger equation, and the interpretation into Schrodinger orbitals, are more flimsy than a house of cards. The drawings of Schrodinger orbitals have less basis in reality than the imaginative drawings of Dr. Seuss. The entire system of Schrodinger orbitals is complete fiction.
 

Space-Time as Gravity has NOT been Proven

Now let us turn to the concept which is almost a religious belief to many scientist: Space-Time as the Cause of Gravity.

Space-Time, as a cause of Gravitational Energy, is absolutely incorrect. There can be no doubt.

“But” you might say “Space-Time has been Proven! In every test ever done!” Really? I’ve heard that before, and it just isn’t true. Oh, some things were observed, but Space-Time as Cause of Gravity was NOT proven.

I have collected numerous facts and numerous arguments which disprove Space-Time as Gravity. There are also many flaws in the Space-Time Concept, which I will show. All of this will be presented in a future book: “Deconstructing Space-Time”.

Here I will present a few of the main points.

1. Space-Time is Geometry, not Physical Reality: This is the main point. The equations and model can tell you where things will be, but NOT why they will be there. Space-Time is a way to track motions, but NOT explain why things move.

2. All “Proofs” of Space-Time just Prove Gravity Exists, not Space-Time: Every one of the predictions and observations simply demonstrate that Gravitational Energy does exist, and can produce certain results. However, ANY model of gravity will work just fine to explain each of these predictions and observations.

Thus, all the “predictions and proofs” are predictions of how gravity will affect objects, and proof that gravity does affect objects in those ways. But there is no reason to say that space-time is the physical cause for that gravitational energy. Any other model of gravity will do just fine.

3. Newton can explain all of Space-Time: Every observation associated with Space-Time can be just as easily explained (in fact more easily explained) by Newtonian Mechanics than by Space-Time.

4. Einstein misunderstands Speed of Light and other Concepts:  There are numerous concepts which Einstein misunderstands, particularly the Speed of Light, and the Cause of Red Shift. He also misunderstands the concepts of Fields.

I don’t need to go into details here, just know that these misunderstandings lead to fundamental flaws and logical errors in the entire Space-Time concept. In other words, the Space-Time concept has NO FOUNDATION. Every pillar in the Space-Time concept is built on shaky ground, and this the entire thing, when exposed, will quickly fall apart.

*Note that I explain true understandings of these concepts in other books.

·      Speed of Light: explained in “Momentum Understood as Energy Strings”, in “Photons in Motion”, and “Deconstructing Space-Time”

·      Cause of Red Shift: explained in “Momentum Understood as Energy Strings” and “The True Cause of Red Shift”

·      All other related concepts will be explained properly in the book “Deconstructing Space-Time”.

 

Therefore: the Space-Time, as cause for Gravitational Energy, has NOT been proven. I

n fact, it can easily be DISPROVEN.

 

Concluding Thoughts

Let us return to the original question. Which of these have actually been proven:

a. Higgs Boson
b. Schrodinger Orbitals
c. Space-Time as Gravity

The correct answer, of course, is D, “None of the Above”. In fact, as we have seen from above, each of these can actually be Disproven as physical realities!

Remember, my Life Missions include Replacing All of Physics with a New Set of Explanations. Those three items above, are three of the major concepts which must be replaced.

Mark Fennell

6/29/2016

 

Flaw in Space-Time: Discounting Internal Energy

Overview

The concept of “Space-Time” has several fundamental flaws. One of these flaws is the discounting of internal energy.

In reality, all objects are driven by a type of Internal Energy. Scientists have always known this…except for those who work with Space-Time.

In the minds of the “Space-Time” proponents: objects are not driven forward by internal energy, but rather are driven by the warping, bending, and stretching of space.

Such a concept is absurd. Yet is repeated - constantly - in numerous books and documentaries, and by the most respected scientists.

In this article, I will show why this concept is flawed. I will then provide the more accurate explanations.

Expanding Galaxies Versus Expanding Space

The classic example of discounting internal energy of objects is the topic of “expanding universe”. Is the universe really expanding? Or is it really that the galaxies are moving further apart?

The space-time believers say that the universe is expanding. How do they know? Because, they tell us, the galaxies are moving further away! Aha! By your own admission, you telling us that your main observation for the expanding universe is that the galaxies are moving further apart!

Thus: to me it is clear that the galaxies are moving…not space stretching.

But, the space-time believers say, the galaxies are not the ones moving. In reality it is space that is stretching! The fabric of space is stretching further and further apart….

My response is two parts: First, why discount the obvious? The stars have internal energy, this internal energy drives their motions, and therefore the internal energies of these stars are driving them further apart. Why discount the simple and obvious explanation?

Second, if your space is stretching…what is the mechanism for the space to stretch? (They have no answer).

Therefore, I say that we do observe “expansion”, but it is the expansion of galaxies, not of this space fabric.

Again, let us go back to the simple and obvious answer. The primary cause is not the stretching of any “space fabric” (which is not even well defined), but rather due to the internal energies of all the stars within the galaxies. These internal energies are driving the galaxies in such a way that these galaxies are traveling away from each other.

This is the sensible explanation. And clearly shows that a big flaw in space-time is the idea that space stretches, rather than taking into account the internal energy of the objects involved. 

Cars Drive Forward Versus Expanding Roads

Let us now take the same “space-time” argument on a more modest scale, and continue to show the absurdity.

Consider a road where cars drive forward for many miles. Any normal person would know that the cars move forward by applying gas to the engine, which moving the car forward.

But space-time believers do not think “normally”. They would rearrange this situation. They would say “no, the cars do NOT move. Rather it is the road that stretches!”

Really? Seriously? The road stretches? The road…just physically stretches? Furthermore, you are saying that the cars just sit there, that there is no need for gas being applied to engine?

This does not make any logical or scientific sense. Because it is not true. The road does not stretch, the road is fixed. The cars do not just sit there, the cars must have gas and the engine to propel the car forward.

Cars Move Opposite Directions Versus Expanding Roads

Let us take the concept further. We have a two lane road, for one line of cars to travel in each direction.

As the cars pass each other, and then proceed in opposite directions, the cars travel further and further apart. This should be obvious to any child, and should be obvious to any scientist….but alas it is not.

The space-time believers would tell you that the cars are traveling further apart NOT because of the internal energies of each car, but rather because the roads, in each direction, are stretching further apart.

This concept should sound absurd. It will sound absurd to any normal person, and to any child…but not to the space-time believers.

The obvious answer is that each car has its own internal energy, and is propelling itself in a particular direction. Therefore, the cars travel further and further away from each other. The roads do not stretch, and have nothing to do with the motion of the cars.

Let us again return to the expanding universe. It is just as absurd to claim that the “space fabric” stretches as it is to claim that the “road” stretches. It is just as flawed to deny internal energy to the cause of galaxy motions, as it is flawed to deny internal energy to the cause of car motions.

Michael Jackson Dances Versus Space Warps Around Him

We can continue demonstrating this flaw in the “space-time” concept, by looking at complex motions.

For example, consider Michael Jackson dancing on stage. He does the moves himself, always perfectly. He moves his body in specific ways, at specific moments, to create a beautiful combination of motions.

Yet, if we were to take the view of the space-time believers, the explanation would be different. They would tell us that it would not be that Michael Jackson is dancing, but rather that the space around Michael is “warping”.

The space around him would bend and warp, it would twist in a variety of ways. And this warping and bending of space, they would tell us, gives the “appearance” of Michael Jackson dancing.

To normal people, this idea sounds absurd. And it is not giving due credit to Michael for his skill - or for his “energies” - that he uses to create his dancing performances.

And yet this description of Michael dancing is not far from what space-time believers state regarding objects in space. The descriptions above are actually very close to the explanations of complex motions of celestial objects that the space-time believers tell us.

Therefore, let us return to reality - and common sense. When Michael Jackson dances, he is using his own internal energy. He applies his internal energy to various parts of his body, in specific amounts, in specific directions, at specific times. The internal energies that Michael applies is what creates his complex motions. The totality of these motions, in sequence, is what causes Michael to dance.

Notice that the “space” is not warped around Michael; rather it is Michael which moves in various regions of the space.

And so it is with all objects in space. The complex motions of celestial objects - including stars, black holes, and galaxies - can be attributed to the internal energies of the objects involved.

There is no space warping around these objects; rather it is the internal energies and internal motions of these objects which causes them to move in complex ways in their region of space.

Overall Motion: Internal Energy With Gravitational Energy

The overall motions of objects are due to a combination of internal energy with gravitational energy. Each type of energy affects the objects in different ways. It is the total combination of all internal energies and all gravitational energies, of the objects involved, which creates the overall motions for all objects in the system. These details are explored, for particular situations, in various books and articles.

Furthermore, in this article we are talking about the discounting of internal energy with respect to space-time. The gravitational effects in relation to space-time are explored in other books and articles.

Internal Energy Versus Negative Mass

Let us now look at another REAL EXAMPLE of things the space-time believers have said. This is the concept of “negative mass”.

A recent proposed entity by some scientists is the “negative mass”. The purpose of the “negative mass” is to counteract the gravitational energy which pulls objects together.

Does it not seem obvious that we already have an entity which counteracts gravity? This is the Internal Energy!

Again, why are scientists trying to propose an entity to explain something when we already have such an entity?

Furthermore, the concept of “negative mass” really has no meaning. It make no physical sense. (Indeed, those who have proposed it are mathematicians, using it for their equations. They have not proposed any physical description themselves!)

Finally, you will notice that they discount Internal Energy. Again we see that these scientists do not reach for internal energy. They do not think in terms of internal energy at all. For them to not even consider internal energy as their cause for countering gravity, for them to give a name to their idea which does not have the word “energy”, tells us that the concept of internal energy is nowhere in their thoughts.

Thus, again, demonstrating my point: there are many scientists today (those who believe in the space-time) who discount internal energies of objects as the primary causes for the motions of objects.

We should return to common sense, and return to reality. Internal energies are the causes of internal motions of objects. Internal energies are the entities which can counteract gravity.

Physical Realities of Internal Energy

You don’t have to know the exact physical nature of internal energy to see that internal energies are the obvious cause of many motions, not the stretching or warping of space-fabric. However, I have studied this internal energy in great detail, and therefore I know exactly what it is. I have written and illustrated the details of these energies in other books. In addition, I can provide a few summary concepts of Internal Energy at this time.

The “Internal Energy” which drives all objects is primarily electrical energy and magnetic energy. These energies reside inside the particles, pushing from the inside. Thus, these energies propel the particles forward.

These energies exist as individual energy fish, which can travel independently, or as a group. When these energy fish are grouped together, they become what we know of as an energy string.

Therefore, the electrical energy strings and the magnetic energy strings are the specific entities that are the “internal energies” of any object.

Accurate Explanation for Motion of Objects

The protons and neutrons are the engines of the atom. Therefore, when the majority of the energy strings are pushing these particles in one direction, then that is the direction which the atom will travel.

Continuing up in scale, where the majority of energy strings push of any object (from atoms to rocks to planets to stars) that is the direction the object will travel.

Of course, individual smaller objects within a larger object can have energy strings which push in different directions. This creates different directions of movements of objects - within the larger object or system of objects.

This is the basis for all of the internal motions of any object (from atoms to galaxies).

Accurate Explanation for Galaxies Expanding

Before we leave this topic, let us address the true cause for galaxies expanding. Please note that a separate article will be written just on this topic. In this section we will have brief explanation.

As discussed above, the universe is said to be expanding. Yet in reality, it is the galaxies which are expanding, not the space fabric. More specifically, the galaxies which are close together, are found to be traveling away from each other.

We begin with each galaxy having a combination of internal energy and gravitational energy. The internal energies drive the motions of the stars, including the dark star at the center of each galaxy. The gravitational energies pull the stars together, including the dark stars at the centers of each galaxy.

If the total gravitational energy is greater than the total internal energy, then the two galaxies will gradually pull themselves together. However, if the internal energies are slightly greater than the gravitational energies, then the galaxies will pull themselves apart.

This is especially true for the dark stars at the center of each galaxy. Those dark stars (also known as black holes) are the primary engines of each galaxy. It is their internal energies, and their gravitational energies, which are of primary consideration. The other stars do of course have an effect, but the massive dark stars in the center are the primary entities to consider for this process.

Note also that energies are constantly transferred among objects within a galaxy. This includes energies being transferred to the dark star.

There are free energies (free floating energy strings) which will transfer from object to object, and reach the dark star. Furthermore, photons are often absorbed by the dark star - which carry their own electric and magnetic energy strings.

This is in addition to any rocks and other space objects captured by the dark star.

Therefore, as the dark star absorbs more objects and more energies, the dark star obtains not only more mass, but also more internal energy. The specifics are complex, depending on all the entities in the galaxy.

However, if the dark star absorbs enough energy strings, then the dark star’s internal energy will increase. This, combined with fusion processes, may produce enough internal energy to overcome the gravitational energy between the two galaxies.

This becomes like two large space ships which have been fueling for some time. At some point these galaxies may have enough energy to pull away from the gravitational energies holding the two galaxies together.

Thus, the galaxies slowly pull apart…from their own internal energies.

This is the process which explains the cause of galaxies traveling apart from each other, even if once closely held together by gravity.

*A further detail is the cause of “acceleration” of these galaxies. In brief, there are multiple gravity strings holding each galaxy to each other. This is similar to multiple ropes holding two ships together. Thus, as each galaxy pair breaks a string, the overall speed of the galaxy will be an increment faster. This is the very definition of “acceleration”.

This process will continue, in stages, and thus the galaxies will always “accelerate” away from each other. Only when the galaxies have no gravitational connection - and thus reach their maximum speed with respect to each other - will the acceleration stop.

Summary/Review

Let us now conclude and review what we have discussed.

The primary point is this: the concept of Space-Time is flawed in many ways. One way that “space-time” is flawed is where the scientists say that the cause of motion of celestial objects is due to the warping and stretching of the fabric of space, rather than due to the internal energy which drives all objects forward.

The simpler and more obvious cause of motions is the existence of internal energy. These motions are not caused by the stretching of space fabric, nor are these motions caused by a “negative mass”.

The overall motion of any object - or set of objects - is a combination of the internal energies and the gravitational energies. The internal energies reside within each particle, propelling the particle in whichever direction the energies push the particle. The gravitational energies pull two or more particles together.

The specific combination of energies - amounts, directions, concentrations - will determine the specific complex motions of the multiple objects in the region.

Thus: these energies, in total, cause each object in the region to move in a series of motions. Each object move through space, because of these complex interactions of energies.

It is not the case that the space warps around the objects; rather the object move themselves, on their own terms, through that region of space.

Mark Fennell

1/11/2016