Search This Blog

Showing posts with label speed. Show all posts
Showing posts with label speed. Show all posts

June 29, 2016

Higgs Boson, Schrodinger Orbitals, and Space-Time: Proven or Not?

Here is a Trivia Question for you. Which of the following has actually been Proven:
a. Higgs Boson
b. Schrodinger Orbitals
c. Space-Time as Gravity
 
What is your guess?
The Correct Answer is “D”…. “None of the Above”!!
 
Despite what you may have been taught, despite what you may have heard through internet, NONE of those concepts have been proven true! There is no actual proof for any of them!

I have looked into each of these concepts in great detail, including the origins of each concept, and what was actually observed in relation to the concept. There is no proof, no observational evidence, for any of them.

I will expand briefly below.
 
Higgs Boson has NOT been Proven
There is no such thing as a “Higgs Boson”. It has not been observed, and even if it had, it cannot be the source of gravity.

What they actually “observed” were photons. Yes. When the Higgs Boson was “discovered”, all that was really discovered were some photons.

The Higgs supporters said that these photons were created from the decay of the Higgs Boson, and therefore these photons were proof of the Higgs Boson. However, these photons can come from many sources. They can come from many particles. The existence of these photons does not necessarily indicate the presence of a “Higgs Boson”.

Then there is the other question….which nobody seems to ask…despite their collective PhDs. This question can be posed as follows: if the Higgs Boson decays, then how can it be the source of gravity, which seems to be stable for centuries?

All of the Higgs Boson supporters will openly state that the Higgs Boson will decay quickly. Yet gravitational energy seems to be eternally stable in many locations. Therefore, anything which decays in less than a second cannot be the source of gravitational energy.

Thus, the Higgs Boson is a hoax. It does not exist. It has never been proven, cannot be the source of gravitational energy.
 
Schrodinger Orbitals have NOT been Proven
The Schrodinger Orbitals are taught a “facts” in every chemistry text book in the world, from high school to college. Yet there is no proof of these orbitals. In fact, they are incorrect.

I will cover this in much greater detail in my book “New Model of the Atom”. Here I will highlight the basic flaws in the Schrodinger Orbitals.

Let’s start with the Bohr-Somerfield Electron Orbits. Those orbits ARE ABSOLUTELY CORRECT. (In my upcoming book, I will show details of the formation and structure of those orbits).

However, the Schrodinger Orbitals have no basis in reality.

How did this come about? First, Schrodinger came up with an equation to describe the energies and possible locations of the electrons. This equation was based on a dubious assumption: that electrons are somehow waves and not particles.

Also note that Schrodinger had no real idea of what this “wave” looked like. Heisenberg himself said that Schrodinger’s understanding of physics was weak. (Heisenberg had much stronger words actually).

From this dubious assumption, Schrodinger created an equation. However, there is no data to fit his equation. Rather he had an equation, and now the scientists had to try and figure out what that equation meant.

Then…and still today…the physical interpretation of the equation is debated. That point makes it clear that there is no physical reality behind the equation.

Then it gets worse. The most common agreed interpretation of the equation is that it is a “probability wave”. A what? Yes. That is what they say…with a completely straight face.

This means the equation is not even describing electrons as waves, but a probability of where these electrons may reside. Using some magical “probability wave” concept.

Then the scientists draw shapes on graph paper, based on the equation. The shapes are not the path of the electrons, but the probability of where the electron might be.

What we end up with then is simply this: drawing shapes on graph paper, based on an equation, which has no basis in physical reality.

The entire set up of the Schrodinger equation, and the interpretation into Schrodinger orbitals, are more flimsy than a house of cards. The drawings of Schrodinger orbitals have less basis in reality than the imaginative drawings of Dr. Seuss. The entire system of Schrodinger orbitals is complete fiction.
 
Space-Time as Gravity has NOT been Proven
Now let us turn to the concept which is almost a religious belief to many scientist: Space-Time as the Cause of Gravity.

Space-Time, as a cause of Gravitational Energy, is absolutely incorrect. There can be no doubt.

“But” you might say “Space-Time has been Proven! In every test ever done!” Really? I’ve heard that before, and it just isn’t true. Oh, some things were observed, but Space-Time as Cause of Gravity was NOT proven.

I have collected numerous facts and numerous arguments which disprove Space-Time as Gravity. There are also many flaws in the Space-Time Concept, which I will show. All of this will be presented in a future book: “Deconstructing Space-Time”.

Here I will present a few of the main points.

1. Space-Time is Geometry, not Physical Reality: This is the main point. The equations and model can tell you where things will be, but NOT why they will be there. Space-Time is a way to track motions, but NOT explain why things move.

2. All “Proofs” of Space-Time just Prove Gravity Exists, not Space-Time: Every one of the predictions and observations simply demonstrate that Gravitational Energy does exist, and can produce certain results. However, ANY model of gravity will work just fine to explain each of these predictions and observations.

Thus, all the “predictions and proofs” are predictions of how gravity will affect objects, and proof that gravity does affect objects in those ways. But there is no reason to say that space-time is the physical cause for that gravitational energy. Any other model of gravity will do just fine.

3. Newton can explain all of Space-Time: Every observation associated with Space-Time can be just as easily explained (in fact more easily explained) by Newtonian Mechanics than by Space-Time.

4. Einstein misunderstands Speed of Light and other Concepts:  There are numerous concepts which Einstein misunderstands, particularly the Speed of Light, and the Cause of Red Shift. He also misunderstands the concepts of Fields.

I don’t need to go into details here, just know that these misunderstandings lead to fundamental flaws and logical errors in the entire Space-Time concept. In other words, the Space-Time concept has NO FOUNDATION. Every pillar in the Space-Time concept is built on shaky ground, and this the entire thing, when exposed, will quickly fall apart.

*Note that I explain true understandings of these concepts in other books.
·      Speed of Light: explained in “Momentum Understood as Energy Strings”, in “Photons in Motion”, and “Deconstructing Space-Time”
·      Cause of Red Shift: explained in “Momentum Understood as Energy Strings” and “The True Cause of Red Shift”
·      All other related concepts will be explained properly in the book “Deconstructing Space-Time”.
 
Therefore: the Space-Time, as cause for Gravitational Energy, has NOT been proven. I
n fact, it can easily be DISPROVEN.
 
Concluding Thoughts
Let us return to the original question. Which of these have actually been proven:

a. Higgs Boson
b. Schrodinger Orbitals
c. Space-Time as Gravity

The correct answer, of course, is D, “None of the Above”. In fact, as we have seen from above, each of these can actually be Disproven as physical realities!

Remember, my Life Missions include Replacing All of Physics with a New Set of Explanations. Those three items above, are three of the major concepts which must be replaced.

Mark Fennell
6/29/2016
 

October 16, 2015

Space Time Refuted with Bicycle Analogy (Speed vs Frequency)


Overview
The concept of “space-time” is fundamentally flawed. It works as mathematical equations, but not as representation of physical reality.

There are several reasons why the concept of “space-time” is flawed, and therefore several methods to disprove the concept of space-time. I will focus on one of those flaws today.

We will refute space-time today by discussing the concept of the speed of light. Einstein said that space-time must exist, and contort in various ways, in order to explain the constant speed of light. This is not true. The constant speed of light can easily be explained without the use of space-time.

Truth Explained Briefly
I will begin by offering you the concepts in brief form. I do this so you can see the flaws in space-time, and the true physical realities, at the very beginning. We will then delve into the specifics to see the details.

The main reason Einstein created the concept of “space-time” was to explain how light could travel at the same speed…regardless how fast the source of the light was traveling.

He could only imagine an answer by having space and time both being able to contort. However, this is wrong. And the actual solution is much simpler.

We must look at both the frequency of the photon as well as the speed of the photon. While it is true that the speed of the photon is always the same, the frequency of the photon will always vary. And there lies your answer.

The energy of the source (such as star) will be applied to the emitted photon. However, the energy goes into the frequency rather than the speed. Thus: the speed is left alone, while the frequency is directly related to the energy from the star.

Stated another way: A faster star will emit photons of faster frequency. A slower star will emit photons of a slower frequency. Energy is indeed transferred from the star to the photon, and in proportional amounts but only the frequency. Meanwhile, the speed of the photon itself is unaffected by the speed of the star.

 
Truth Explained in Greater Detail
Now we will take the story and expand the details.

The speed of light is constant. This phrase has several different meanings depending on the context. The context we are interested in is the fact that light emitted will travel at the same speed, though emitted from stars traveling at different speeds.

At first this seems contradictory to experience. If you throw a ball from a train, the speed of the ball will be the total of: the speed from your arm plus the speed of the train. And a faster train will therefore result in a faster ball being thrown. These facts are absolutely true.

Yet we don’t see the same with light. The speed of the star which emits the light is irrelevant; the speed of the emitted photon is always the same.

How can this be? Einstein used space-time to explain it. (In fact, he created space-time primarily to explain this observation). And therefore Einstein gives us space contracting, space expanding, time slowing down, and various other effects.

This is neat circus trick; but is absolutely wrong. And is totally unnecessary.

What Einstein failed to take into account was the frequency of the light. Although the speed of the emitted light remains constant, the frequency of the emitted light will vary.

Furthermore, the frequency of the emitted light will vary directly in relation to the speed of the emitting star. And there is your true answer.

So now we have the truth for why the speed of light is constant - regardless of the speed of the emitting star: The varying amounts of energy from the star in motion will be transferred to the frequency of the emitted light, not the speed of the emitted light.

And thus we can return to classical (Newtonian) physics.

1. The star has a certain amount of inherent energy, which we observe in the speed of the star.

2. This energy is indeed passed onto the photon when it is emitted.

3. However, the energy passed along will only go into the frequency of the emitted photon, never in the speed of the emitted photon.

4. Therefore the frequency of the emitted photon is directly related to the amount of energy transferred from star to the photon; and this energy is directly related to the speed of the emitting star.

5. This means that a star which travels slower will transfer less energy to the photon - and the frequency will be slower. Similarly, a star which travels faster will transfer more energy to the photon - and the frequency of the photon will be faster.

6. The result is a photon which a) travels at the same speed regardless of the star; and b) has a frequency which is directly related to the speed of the star.

In brief: a faster star will emit photons of faster frequency. Slower star will emit photons of slower frequency. Energy is indeed transferred in proportional amounts. However, the speed of the photon itself is unaffected by the speed of the star.

All of this is simple Newtonian mechanics.

It is also now very similar to the classic analogy of throwing the ball from the train. The only difference for the photon (vs the ball on the train) is that the energy goes into the frequency rather than the speed.

Therefore: we can explain the concepts of constant speed of light and red shift of faster moving stars using classical mechanics. There is no need for space-time.

Analogy of the Bicycle
An analogy I like to use to show how this works, and how space-time is not necessary, is to talk about air in the tires of a bicycle.

We have a bicycle, with two tires. Both tires are filled with air. However, the first tire remains untouched. It doesn’t matter what we do, or don’t do, the amount of the air in the first tire will remain the same. In fact, the tire is sealed, without any openings. There is no way to open the tire to adjust the air even if we wanted to.

The second tire is the only tire which will vary. It is only the second tire which will be able to inflate or deflate to different amounts.

This is the situation we have before us. Now when we send in air to the “bicycle” the air will only go into the second tire. Why? Because only the second tire will allow additional air. The first tire is sealed, and no air can come in.

Thus, if we add air, in general, to the bicycle as a whole, what we really are doing is adding air to the second tire only.

Further, the amount of air we add will result in the second tire being inflated to different amounts. If we add more air to the second tire, then the tire will be inflated to a larger size. If we add less air to the tire, then the tire will be inflated to a smaller size.

And again…none of the air we add to the “bicycle” gets into the first tire. The amount of air in that tire is fixed and cannot be changed.

This situation is identical to our photons when emitted from any source. In our photons, we also have two regions of energy and how that energy is used: 1) in the speed of the photon, and 2) in the frequency of the photon. The first (speed of the photon) remains untouched. The second (frequency) can vary depending on how much energy we add.

Expanding on the Bicycle Analogy to Explain Speed vs Frequency of Light
The bicycle above is very similar to the reality of the emitted photons. Comparing the analogy of the bicycle to the reality of emitted photons:

A. The photon system has two locations of energy
Just as the bicycle has two tires, each completely independent of the other, the photon has two energy systems, each completely independent of the other. (The specifics are described and illustrated in my book “Photons in Motion”)

B. The speed of the photon remains constant
The energy for the speed of the photon remains constant. Just as the amount of air in the first tire remains constant, the amount of energy used for the speed of the photon remains constant…and therefore the basic speed of the photon remains constant.

C. The frequency of the photon varies
The frequency of the photon can vary. In fact, scientists know well that the electromagnetic energy is a spectrum of frequencies. I have shown in my book “Photons in Motion” that the frequency is based on amount of energy used in a particular location. When we add more energy to this location, we get a faster frequency; when we add less energy to this location we get a slower frequency. This is very similar to our bicycle having a specific tire (tire #2) which we can fill with varying amounts of air.

As you can see, all of this is based on classical mechanics, and there is no need for space-time to be created to explain any aspects of this.

 
Technical Note: Atoms vs. Star, and Placement
The explanations of Red Shift (for stars moving away from observer) and Blue Shift (for stars moving closer to observer) are a bit more complex and subtle. These details will be explained and illustrated in future books and articles.

However, I would like to mention a few technical points as related to this article on constant speed versus varying frequency. Everything we said above still applies, however we are really looking at the speed of individual atoms rather than the speed of the star as a whole.

Thus, instead of saying “a faster star will emit faster frequency photon”, we should more specifically state “a faster atom will emit a faster frequency photon”.

The subtlety is important when looking at Red Shift vs Average Frequency vs Blue Shift. Every star has numerous atoms, traveling at their own speeds. The atoms which travel the fastest will emit photons which are then shifted to a slightly higher frequency. Conversely, the atoms which are slowest, will emit photons that are shifted to a slightly lower frequency.

Generally: the faster atoms will be on the side which the star is traveling. If the star is moving to the right, then this is because the atoms of the star are faster on the right side. This will result in faster frequency photons emitted on the right side. Conversely, the slower atoms will be on the opposite side of the star from direction of travel; in this example they would be on the left side.

The “frequency shift” we see will then depend on which side of the star we are on. Using the example above, if we are facing the right side of the star, we will see photons emitted at higher frequencies (Blue Shifted). Conversely, if we are the left side of this star, we will see photons emitted that have lower frequencies (Red Shifted).

Again, these concepts will be explained and illustrated in great detail in future publications. I merely wanted to add some technical points for those readers who desire to know more at this time.

 

Conclusion: Space-Time Refuted as Cause of Constant Speed of Light
Einstein created the concept of “space-time” primarily to explain the constant speed of light…when emitted from a source (such as a star) at any speed.

However, this space-time is merely a circus trick. It is complex in its maneuvers, and yet totally unnecessary.

Both the constant speed of light and the variation in frequency can be explained using classical physics. In fact, it is because the frequency varies for photons emitted that we have our answer for why the speed of light remains constant.

That is: the energy from the light source will always go into the frequency of the emitted photon, and never into the speed of the photon.

Therefore, we have refuted the primary reason for the creation of space-time. We have also provided a more accurate and simpler explanation for the observations.

Mark Fennell
10/16/2015

April 29, 2015

New Explanations of Motion and Momentum now Published


My book on Motion and Momentum is now available. This book is available as both an e-book and a paperback edition. This book explains Motion and Momentum - more accurately and more intuitively than most books.

“Momentum Understood as Energy Strings and Molecular Motion”


Some of the topics include:

1. Motion understood using Atoms and Energy Strings

2. Momentum using Atoms and Energy strings

3. Energy Transfer Processes

4. Energy flows in Multiple Directions

5. Observable Motion of Objects versus Molecular Motion

6. Speeding Up, Slowing Down, and Sudden Turns

7. Friction understood as Physical Entities

8. Friction and Momentum: New Understanding of Common Situations

9. Speed of Light: Constant Energy versus Constant Speed

The explanations I offer are much more accurate than those commonly used in physics texts.

Also note that the last three items are significant on their own. Friction was never understood (as a physical entity, what it is, and how it works) until I presented it in this book.

And the sections on the Speed of Light...comparing constant energy versus constant speed...provide a summary of major insights in this area, which will be more fully presented in other books.

It is a short book, and sounds like a simple topic...as if it has been done a hundred times before...but really there is much here that is new to science, and will advance the way we think about many important processes related to motion.

“Momentum Understood as Energy Strings and Molecular Motion”