Overview
The concept of “space-time” is fundamentally flawed. It
works as mathematical equations, but not as representation of physical reality.
There are several reasons why the concept of “space-time”
is flawed, and therefore several methods to disprove the concept of space-time.
I will focus on one of those flaws today.
We will refute space-time today by discussing the concept
of the speed of light. Einstein said that space-time must exist, and contort in
various ways, in order to explain the constant speed of light. This is not
true. The constant speed of light can easily be explained without the use of
space-time.
Truth Explained
Briefly
I will begin by offering you the concepts in brief form. I
do this so you can see the flaws in space-time, and the true physical realities,
at the very beginning. We will then delve into the specifics to see the
details.
The main reason Einstein created the concept of
“space-time” was to explain how light could travel at the same speed…regardless
how fast the source of the light was traveling.
He could only imagine an answer by having space and time
both being able to contort. However, this is wrong. And the actual solution is
much simpler.
We must look at both the frequency of the photon as well as
the speed of the photon. While it is true that the speed of the photon is
always the same, the frequency of the photon will always vary. And there lies
your answer.
The energy of the source (such as star) will be applied to
the emitted photon. However, the energy goes into the frequency rather than the
speed. Thus: the speed is left alone, while the frequency is directly related
to the energy from the star.
Stated another way: A faster star will emit photons of faster
frequency. A slower star will emit photons of a slower frequency. Energy is
indeed transferred from the star to the photon, and in proportional amounts but
only the frequency. Meanwhile, the speed of the photon itself is unaffected by
the speed of the star.
Truth Explained in
Greater Detail
Now we will take the story and expand the details.
The speed of light is constant. This phrase has several
different meanings depending on the context. The context we are interested in
is the fact that light emitted will travel at the same speed, though emitted from stars traveling at different speeds.
At first this seems contradictory to experience. If you
throw a ball from a train, the speed of the ball will be the total of: the
speed from your arm plus the speed of the train. And a faster train will
therefore result in a faster ball being thrown. These facts are absolutely
true.
Yet we don’t see the same with light. The speed of the star
which emits the light is irrelevant; the speed of the emitted photon is
always the same.
How can this be? Einstein used space-time to explain it.
(In fact, he created space-time primarily to explain this observation). And
therefore Einstein gives us space contracting, space expanding, time slowing
down, and various other effects.
This is neat circus trick; but is absolutely wrong. And is totally
unnecessary.
What Einstein failed to take into account was the frequency
of the light. Although the speed of the emitted light remains constant, the
frequency of the emitted light will vary.
Furthermore, the frequency of the emitted light will vary
directly in relation to the speed of the emitting star. And there is your true
answer.
So now we have the truth for why the speed of light is
constant - regardless of the speed of the emitting star: The varying amounts of
energy from the star in motion will be transferred to the frequency of the emitted light, not
the speed of the emitted light.
And thus we can return to classical (Newtonian) physics.
1. The star has a certain amount of inherent energy, which
we observe in the speed of the star.
2. This energy is indeed passed onto the photon when it is
emitted.
3. However, the energy passed along will only go into the
frequency of the emitted photon, never in the speed of the emitted photon.
4. Therefore the frequency of the emitted photon is
directly related to the amount of energy transferred from star to the photon;
and this energy is directly related to the speed of the emitting star.
5. This means that a star which travels slower will
transfer less energy to the photon - and the frequency will be slower.
Similarly, a star which travels faster will transfer more energy to the photon
- and the frequency of the photon will be faster.
6. The result is a photon which a) travels at the same
speed regardless of the star; and b) has a frequency which is directly related
to the speed of the star.
In brief: a faster star will emit photons of faster
frequency. Slower star will emit photons of slower frequency. Energy is indeed
transferred in proportional amounts. However, the speed of the photon itself is
unaffected by the speed of the star.
All of this is simple Newtonian mechanics.
It is also now very similar to the classic analogy of
throwing the ball from the train. The only difference for the photon (vs the
ball on the train) is that the energy goes into the frequency rather than the
speed.
Therefore: we can explain the concepts of constant speed of
light and red shift of faster moving stars using classical mechanics. There is
no need for space-time.
Analogy of the
Bicycle
An analogy I like to use to show how this works, and how
space-time is not necessary, is to talk about air in the tires of a bicycle.
We have a bicycle, with two tires. Both tires are filled
with air. However, the first tire remains untouched. It doesn’t matter what we
do, or don’t do, the amount of the air in the first tire will remain the same. In
fact, the tire is sealed, without any openings. There is no way to open the
tire to adjust the air even if we wanted to.
The second tire is the only tire which will vary. It is
only the second tire which will be able to inflate or deflate to different
amounts.
This is the situation we have before us. Now when we send
in air to the “bicycle” the air will only go into the second tire. Why? Because
only the second tire will allow additional air. The first tire is sealed, and
no air can come in.
Thus, if we add air, in general, to the bicycle as a whole,
what we really are doing is adding air to the second tire only.
Further, the amount of air we add will result in the second
tire being inflated to different amounts. If we add more air to the second
tire, then the tire will be inflated to a larger size. If we add less air to
the tire, then the tire will be inflated to a smaller size.
And again…none of the air we add to the “bicycle” gets into
the first tire. The amount of air in that tire is fixed and cannot be changed.
This situation is identical to our photons when emitted
from any source. In our photons, we also have two regions of energy and how
that energy is used: 1) in the speed of the photon, and 2) in the frequency of
the photon. The first (speed of the photon) remains untouched. The second
(frequency) can vary depending on how much energy we add.
Expanding on the
Bicycle Analogy to Explain Speed vs Frequency of Light
The bicycle above is very similar to the reality of the
emitted photons. Comparing the analogy of the bicycle to the reality of emitted
photons:
A. The photon system has two locations of energy
Just as the bicycle has two tires, each completely
independent of the other, the photon has two energy systems, each completely
independent of the other. (The specifics are described and illustrated in my
book “Photons in Motion”)
B. The speed of the photon remains constant
The energy for the speed of the photon remains constant.
Just as the amount of air in the first tire remains constant, the amount of
energy used for the speed of the photon remains constant…and therefore the
basic speed of the photon remains constant.
C. The frequency of the photon varies
The frequency of the photon can vary. In fact, scientists
know well that the electromagnetic energy is a spectrum of frequencies. I have shown in my book “Photons in Motion”
that the frequency is based on amount of energy used in a particular location. When
we add more energy to this location, we get a faster frequency; when we add
less energy to this location we get a slower frequency. This is very similar to
our bicycle having a specific tire (tire #2) which we can fill with varying
amounts of air.
As you can see, all of this is based on classical
mechanics, and there is no need for space-time to be created to explain any
aspects of this.
Technical Note: Atoms
vs. Star, and Placement
The explanations of Red Shift (for stars moving away from
observer) and Blue Shift (for stars moving closer to observer) are a bit more
complex and subtle. These details will be explained and illustrated in future books
and articles.
However, I would like to mention a few technical points as
related to this article on constant speed versus varying frequency. Everything
we said above still applies, however we are really looking at the speed of
individual atoms rather than the speed of the star as a whole.
Thus, instead of saying “a faster star will emit faster
frequency photon”, we should more specifically state “a faster atom will emit a faster frequency photon”.
The subtlety is important when looking at Red Shift vs
Average Frequency vs Blue Shift. Every star has numerous atoms, traveling at
their own speeds. The atoms which travel the fastest will emit photons which
are then shifted to a slightly higher frequency. Conversely, the atoms which
are slowest, will emit photons that are shifted to a slightly lower frequency.
Generally: the faster atoms will be on the side which the
star is traveling. If the star is moving to the right, then this is because the
atoms of the star are faster on the right side. This will result in faster
frequency photons emitted on the right side. Conversely, the slower atoms will
be on the opposite side of the star from direction of travel; in this example
they would be on the left side.
The “frequency shift” we see will then depend on which side
of the star we are on. Using the example above, if we are facing the right side
of the star, we will see photons emitted at higher frequencies (Blue Shifted).
Conversely, if we are the left side of this star, we will see photons emitted that
have lower frequencies (Red Shifted).
Again, these concepts will be explained and illustrated in
great detail in future publications. I merely wanted to add some technical
points for those readers who desire to know more at this time.
Conclusion: Space-Time Refuted as
Cause of Constant Speed of Light
Einstein created the concept of “space-time” primarily to
explain the constant speed of light…when emitted from a source (such as a star)
at any speed.
However, this space-time is merely a circus trick. It is
complex in its maneuvers, and yet totally unnecessary.
Both the constant speed of light and the variation in
frequency can be explained using classical physics. In fact, it is because the
frequency varies for photons emitted that we have our answer for why the speed
of light remains constant.
That is: the energy from the light source will always go
into the frequency of the emitted photon, and never into the speed of the
photon.
Therefore, we have refuted the primary reason for the creation
of space-time. We have also provided a more accurate and simpler explanation
for the observations.
Mark Fennell
10/16/2015
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