Annihilation of Matter with Anti-Matter

Introduction

It is well known that when matter and anti-matter collide, both particles will be annihilated. I was thinking about what the process might be, and I realized it is easy to understand.

In brief: the particles approach each other at very high velocity. And because their fields are pointing the same direction, they will not be repelled. Thus, the two particles will collide, at high speeds, which will cause both particles to break apart into tiny pieces.

Basic Concepts

The basic concepts which apply here are: 1) the high speeds of the particles, and 2) the opposite directions of the fields.

1. High Speed

This situation differs from the formation of the neutron in that the speed of the electron is very slow. In the case of the neutron, the internal energy of the electron is very low, which allows the electron to be pulled into the proton core (by gravitational energy) at a gentle rate. We then have an event similar to a moon probe softly landing on the moon.

Contrast this with the high speeds of the matter to anti-matter particles. Both particles have high internal energy, and are traveling at very high speeds. Therefore, when the particles do touch each other it will be a high speed collision, not a gentle approach.

This high speed collision will result in both particles annihilating each other. This is the same as would occur for any high speed collision.

2. The Opposite Directions of the Fields

The other important aspect is the opposite directions of the fields. This allows the particles to come close together.

For example, electrons never get close to each other, despite their high speeds. This is because they are repelled by their fields. Each field flows in the opposite direction as they approach, which then pushes both particles backward.

Yet if we have the anti-matter of the electron, then the field will be pointed inward toward the electron core. Therefore, when the electron and this anti-electron come close, they will not be repelled. Indeed, the two particles can come close enough to touch.

Then, as the two particles approach: if the speeds are slow, then the particles will join. However, if the speeds are very high, then the particles will collide with great energy, and break apart.

These are the basic concepts of the annihilation of matter with anti-matter particles.

Background Concepts

Before we proceed, we should look at some background concepts. These include matter vs. anti-matter; and negative vs. positive electrical field.

Matter vs Anti-Matter

Scientists have long ago defined matter vs. anti-matter. These are two particles which are identical in structure, except their electrical fields are opposite. For example, the “matter” may be an electron, and the “anti-matter” would be a particle with the same size as the electron, but a positive charge.

Negative Charge vs Positive Charge

The next question is what exactly is a negative charge? What is a positive charge? Scientists have pondered this for a while, but I came up with a simple solution which I believe is the correct one.

A “negative charge” is simply a set of electrical energy strings which extend from a particle outward into the space beyond. Thus, the electrical field we measure is simply coming into contact with these outward pointing electrical energy strings.

The “positive charge” is the same set of energy strings, just pointing the opposite direction. Thus, the positive charge of any particle is where there are electrical energy strings attached to the particle, but flowing inward to the particle core, rather than outward to the space beyond.

You will also notice that we never measure the positive charge directly; we only measure the negative charge…or the movement of negative charge relative to the positively charged entity.

Common Matter / Anti-Matter

There are really only four stable particles: photons, electrons, protons, and neutrons. Photon cores do not have a charge, and neutrons are essentially proton cores, therefore for matter/anti-matter combinations we really have only two options for the matter: electrons and protons. (Note that I do not consider quarks, because most are unstable and exist for less than a second).

Therefore the most important combinations to consider are

1. The electron and the anti-electron

2. The proton and the anti-proton

The anti-electron is the same size and structure as the electron, only the fields are reversed. In the electron, the electrical energy strings flow outward from the particle. In the anti-electron, the electrical energy strings flow inward toward the center of the particle.

Similarly, the anti-proton is the same size and structure as the proton, only the fields are reversed. In the proton, the electrical strings flow inward, from the surface, into the particle core. In the anti-proton, the electrical strings flow outward (same as for the electron) into the space beyond.

It is of course possible for any quarks to be made as anti-matter quarks. However, all the quarks are unstable, breaking up on their own in less than a second. Therefore, I do not consider these to be of importance in the matter to anti-matter annihilation discussions.

Details of Matter to Anti-Matter Annihilation

Introduction

Now that we are clear on the basic concepts of matter vs anti-matter, and the physical structure of particles with their electric energy fields, we can discuss the details of particle annihilation when the matter collides with the respective anti-matter.

Electron and Anti-Electron

Let us use the situation of the electron and its counterpart the anti-electron. As stated above, the particles are the same, except one has its electrical field strings extending outward, while the other has its electrical field strings pointing inward.

For simplicity, let us assume that these particles are not attached to any atom. They are free particles, each flying through space on its own.

Both of these particles are flying around at very high speeds. They are tiny particles, and therefore the odds of them meeting are very small. But if they are headed on a collision course, then they will indeed collide. Because the electron’s fields point outward, and the anti-electron’s fields point inward, the fields are essentially pointing in the same direction. They will not be repelled. In fact, the energy fields will want to join, and therefore will want to pull the particles together.

Therefore, because of the course of the particles, and because of the fields being in the same direction, the particles will collide.

Speed of the Particles

Now we come to the important aspect of the speed of the particles. Remember that any particle can have any range of internal energy, and therefore many possible speeds.

In this situation, if the speeds of the two particles are very slow, then they will gently touch, and they will become a new particle. More specifically, the electron will be pulled into the anti-electron with a combination of electrical field energy and gravitational energy. These two particles will now travel as a single entity throughout the universe.

However, if the speeds of the two particles are very fast, then as the two particles come in contact with each other there will be a major collision. This will be the same as any two objects colliding at high velocities.

Therefore, it is not just the fields which allow the particles to annihilate, but also the internal energies of the particles. The fields allow the particles to come into physical contact (vs repelling each other); yet what happens next will depend on the internal energy of those particles.  

Proton and Anti-Proton

Introduction

Now let us turn to the proton and the anti-proton. Again, we begin with these two particles traveling on their own through space. If their trajectories are aligned, then these particles will head directly toward each other.

Anti-Proton Similar to Electron

Notice that the anti-proton here is similar to the electron. We are familiar with a negatively charged electron, but not as much with the negatively charged proton core. Yet they are similar.

If two anti-protons approached each other, they would repel each other. This is because the electrical fields of both are pointing outward, and will push each other away. Thus, in this case, it is not so much the proton, but the anti-proton, which needs special conditions for landing.

The proton itself has no fields extending outward, and will never repel anything. Therefore any particle, with any field direction, is capable of hitting the proton. (What happens after the collision will again depend on the speed of the particles).

Let us then discuss several variations of proton collisions, starting with the proton to proton collision, at slow speed.

1. Proton to Proton Collision, at slow speed

We begin with the proton to proton collision, at low speed. There are no fields to repel the particles, so the protons can come all the way into each other.

If the protons have very low energy, and very slow speed, then as the protons come close the gravitational energy will pull the protons fully together. This will be the beginning of the nucleus.

Indeed: the formation of the nucleus begins with protons (and neutrons) at lower speeds, being pulled together with gravity strings. At this point, the nuclear binding strings will take over, and make a permanent nuclear bond.

2. Proton to Proton Collision, at high speed

If the protons are traveling at high speed, then other possibilities may occur. Again, because there are no outward fields there is nothing to repel, and the protons can come into full contact. However, if the protons are traveling at very high speeds, then one of two options will occur:

a. Billiard ball effect (repelling each other upon impact)

b. Both particles annihilated

Note that the second effect is well known, and is used in super colliders to break apart the particles in the atoms. This process tears apart the atom - not only into the separate protons and neutrons, but this also annihilates the protons and neutrons into much smaller pieces.

Thus, the activities of the super colliders are exactly the same as the matter to anti-matter collisions. Again, we see it is not the fields that create the annihilations, but the speed at which the particles hit each other which creates the annihilations.

3. Anti-Proton to Proton Collision, at Slow Speed

Now let us turn to the collisions between protons and anti-protons. The effects will be the same as for the collisions between protons and protons. This means that at slow speeds, the particles will form the nucleus; and at higher speeds the particles will either rebound off each other or annihilate each other.

When the anti-proton comes close the proton, at slow speeds, the gravitational energy will take over and pull the particles together. In addition, the electrical field strings of the anti-proton will pull the anti-proton to the proton; and the electrical strings will merge into one set of strings.

We then have a bonding of proton core to proton core, connected not only by gravity, but by electrical energy strings as well. This increases the bonding between the proton cores.

Then, as with proton to proton bonding, the nuclear energy strings take over, and make a very strong nuclear bond between the proton and anti-proton.

Therefore, when proton and anti-proton come together at slow speeds we have the formation of a nucleus. Indeed, I suspect that many of the atoms in the universe actually have anti-protons where we think there are regular protons. From our vantage point, there is no way to tell the difference.

4. Anti-Proton to Proton Collision, at High Speed

When the anti-proton and the proton come together at high speeds, the same things happen for the proton hitting a proton at high speed. This means that the particles will either bounce off each other, or they will annihilate each other.

Annihilation will occur if the internal energies of each particle are really high. If the energy of the particles are great enough then as they collide the energy exchange upon impact will blow apart both particles. What is left will be mere fragments of each particle.

Again, this annihilation is due to the internal energy of the particles upon impact, and not as much related to the directions of the fields. The direction of the fields can help the particles get close (as in the electron and anti-electron) but it is really the high speed collision that causes the annihilation.

Particle Fragments and Energy Strings

Annihilated Particles are Sections of Intertwined Energy Strings

Once the two particles have been annihilated, what exactly do we have left? To answer that, we must return to our new understanding of particle structures.

In our new models of particle structures, all particles are composed of intertwined energy strings. These are magnetic and electric energy strings which are intertwined and looped upon themselves. This basic structure applies to all particles.

Therefore, when any one of these particles is annihilated, what have is broken fragments of the particle. We have sections of intertwined energy strings. We have pieces of energy strings.

Thus, the particle as an object no longer exists, but we do have pieces; and those pieces are energy strings or sections of intertwined energy strings.

Also note, contrary to some popular science fiction, the annihilation of particles will not destroy the entire universe. J

What Happens to the Pieces?

Now that we have annihilated particles into these tiny pieces of energy strings, what happens next? The answer is simple: particles will form, and energy will travel.

Some of the pieces will come back together and loop into themselves, making new particles. If the particles are stable, they will remain, and the atoms will be rebuilt again. If the particles are unstable, then the strings will break apart, and float around until a new arrangement is made - one that is more stable.

Other energy strings have been blasted far away…and they will continue to travel as free energy strings until they enter another particle.

Along the way, some of these energy strings will find each other and merge into longer strings, perhaps making their own special particles along the way.

Therefore, you can see that though two particles may be annihilated, the universe has not been destroyed. The pieces will reform particles, and smaller pieces will migrate into particles far away.

Indeed: the energy strings will be reshaped and reformed, but never entirely destroyed. They will travel, but never vanish.

Neutrino and Photon Emission from Particle Annihilation

Introduction

In many cases of matter to anti-matter annihilation, we observe not only free energy but also the emission of a neutrino or a photon. This can be easily explained when you understand the new models of particles.

In brief: these neutrons or photons exist within the other particles already. Therefore, when the matter and anti-matter particles collide and annihilate, the neutrino or photon is released as well.

Neutrinos are the Same as Photon Cores 

The first thing to know is that neutrinos are the same as photon cores. Therefore when the matter to anti-matter annihilation occurs, we will see either particle being emitted.

The details of the photon core and the neutrino are explained in my book “Photons in Motion”. (The book is almost completed and will be available soon). For the purposes of this article, I will give a very short summary:

There are three terms to know: photon system, photon core, and neutrino. The photon core and the neutrino are the same entity - though not recognized as such until now. The difference between the photon system and the photon core is that the photon system contains electric and magnetic field energy, whereas the photon core does not. The photon core (or neutrino) is simply a neutral particle traveling through space.

Therefore, for the purposes of this article, we can know that the “photon” is simply a neutrino with electric and magnetic energy attached. Conversely, a neutrino is the same as a photon without any electric or magnetic energy.

The Neutrino: Everywhere and Easily Absorbed

I believe the neutrino is everywhere. I believe that there are many neutrinos zipping through the air, and all of space, all the time. In fact, I am guessing that there are more neutrinos in the universe than any other type of particle.

Furthermore, these neutrinos are easily absorbed. A neutrino is a very tiny particle, and therefore when the neutrino meets an electron or proton (or their anti-matter versions) the neutron will easily fly into the electron or proton, and remain there for a period of time.

Because of this, I believe that a great many of the electrons, protons, and neutrons of the universe will have a neutrino located inside. These neutrinos will be bouncing around inside the electron or proton, as that electron or proton spins and moves forward.

The neutrino of course can leave the electron or proton, but because of the larger particle moving around, it is difficult for the tiny neutrino to find its way out. Therefore, the neutrino will stay within any electron, anti-electron, proton, or anti-proton, for a significant amount of time before exiting again.

This is where we will find the neutrino when the matter to anti-matter annihilation occurs.

Neutrino or Photon Emission after Particle Annihilation

The observation of neutrino emission or photon emission after some matter to anti-matter annihilations can then be explained as follows:

When an electron and anti-electron come into contact - at their very high speeds - one of those particles (perhaps both) will contain a neutrino at the time of the collision. The electron and anti-electron, because of their high speeds, will annihilate each other.

This results in both particles being broken apart, into free energy strings. If a neutrino was inside, then this neutrino will also be released. Therefore what we observe is the presence of pure energy and a neutrino.

Furthermore, it is possible for a photon to form. A photon will be formed when a neutrino (aka “photon core”) exists, then a set of electric and magnetic energy strings becomes attached to this neutrino. (See the book “Photons in Motion” for more details).

Indeed, these are the exact items we have here. The neutrino already existed, and has now been made free. Then the electron and anti-electron were both composed of electric and magnetic energy strings; these have been broken apart into groups of free energy strings. Therefore, it is very easy for the photon to assemble: the energy strings quickly attach themselves to the neutrino, and the neutrino becomes a photon, flying through the air.

This is the basic process for observing neutrinos or photons being emitted after a matter to anti-matter annihilation.

Summary

The process of matter to anti-matter annihilation can now be more easily understood. The annihilation is a result of the high speeds, not the fields. However, the direction of fields is important because that allows the particles to come together at these high speeds.

Matter vs. Anti-Matter

The difference between anti-matter and matter is the direction of the fields. Scientists have always defined anti-matter as being the same type of particle as the “matter” - including mass and diameter, with the only difference being an “opposite electrical field”. However what this “opposite field” meant as physical reality was unknown until now.

Today we can say that an electrical field is simply a set of electrical strings which is attached to a particle; and the opposite field is simply a set of electrical strings flowing in an opposite direction. Specifically: a negative electrical field has electrical energy strings flowing from the particle surface outward. Conversely a positive electrical field has electrical energy strings flowing from the particle surface inward.

Events Determined By Field Directions and Speed

When two particles approach each other, what happens next depends first on the directions of the fields, and second on the speeds.

If the field strings are pointing in the opposite direction when they meet (such as both flowing outward) then these field strings will repel each particle. However, if the field strings are pointing in the same direction when they meet (such as one field flowing outward and the other field flowing inward), then the two particles can come close enough to touch.

Slow Speed vs. High Speed of Particles

Then we must consider the speed of the particles. If the particles are moving at slow speeds, then they will gently touch. The particles will join, being held together by both gravity strings and electrical field strings. The formation of the neutron is a classic example of this process.

However, if the speeds of the two particles are extremely fast then the two particles will collide with great energy. This will result in annihilation of both particles. This effect is commonly observed in the particle accelerators (commonly known as atom smashers). Therefore, it is the speed of the particles, not the fields, which creates the annihilation.

Annihilation Results in Pure Energy

When an annihilation occurs, both particles are blown into tiny pieces. Any particle is made of intertwined electric and magnetic energy strings. Therefore, the annihilation will result in sections of intertwined energy strings, as well as many free floating individual pieces of strings.

Because of this process, what we observe after an annihilation is the “disappearance” of both particles, as well as the “creation” of pure energy.

Neutrinos and Photons Emitted with Annihilation

In many cases of annihilation, neutrinos or photons will be emitted. The most likely cause is that neutrinos were previously absorbed and residing in one of the larger particles. Then, as the larger particles were broken apart, the neutrino was released.

Furthermore, a photon can be formed easily from the pieces. A photon is essentially a neutrino with electric and magnetic energy strings attached. Therefore, after an electron has been broken into pieces, some of those electric and magnetic energy strings will quickly attach to the neutrino, and create a photon.

Creation of Short-Lived Smaller Particles

It is also commonly observed for smaller particles (always short-lived) to be formed after an annihilation. This is simply due to some of the pieces of the broken particles (the sections of intertwined energy strings) to loop up themselves and form these new particles. However, these particles are never stable; quickly breaking apart again into groups of energy strings.

These are the basic processes of annihilation of particles, particularly for the annihilation of matter with its anti-matter counterpart.

Mark Fennell

11/4/2015