Heat and Light

Heat and Light

 

Overview

“Heat” and “Light” are two of the most talked about items in physics. These two items are both methods of energy transfer, and therefore exist as the cause or products of numerous processes. Yet these concepts are often presented in vague terms, and often misunderstood. We can here specify clearly exactly what heat and light actually are.

(1) “Heat” is the free flow of Energy Strings.

(2) “Light” is the emission of the Photon System (energy strings as passengers).

One or both may be released in many physical processes.

Energy Strings Being Transferred

Energy, as a physical form, exists as the Energy String. There are four main types of Energy Strings in physical processes. These are: Gravity, Electric, Magnetic, and Nuclear. The main energy types transferred are electric and magnetic.

Therefore when energy is transferred, this means that these Energy Strings are being transferred from one location to another.

There are two main ways to transfer these energy strings: free energy strings transferred (usually after particle collisions), or energy strings riding on a photon core. The first method is known as “heat”. The second method is known as “light”.

Heat as Energy Strings

The term “heat” in science implies the transfer of energy. Scientists have known this for years, though different ideas on what this means. Earlier scientists considered heat to be a type of fluid, which flows from place to place. This author believes that heat exists as energy strings, which do indeed flow similar to a fluid.

All particles are driven by energy strings inside the particle. These energy strings are primarily Magnetic and Electric. Therefore, when particles collide, some of these energy strings will be shaken out of each particle. Now we have free magnetic strings and free electric strings floating through the air.

These free energy strings are now known as “heat”. Thus all “heat” which has previously been described in physical processes is now understood to be these free energy strings.

Of course the energy strings will usually be absorbed quickly. After a particle collision, the energy strings are shaken out, and become “heat”; yet the proximity of the particles means that these energy strings will be quickly reabsorbed by the nearby particle.

This is, for example, how friction creates increase in temperature. Proximity of particles during friction events will result in fast energy transfer. This results in the quick rate of temperature increase for one or both substances. In other words, the “heat” of the energy strings leaving one object will quickly enter the other object, and raise the temperature accordingly.

This type of energy transfer is quite common in stars. As atoms collide, the energy strings are transferred. The amount of strings at that moment will then indicate possible frequency of photon emitted. The atom may of course collide with other atoms without emitting any photon, in which case the “heat” is transferred from place to place throughout the star.

Temperature vs Heat

We should also note that there is a difference between Temperature and Heat. We can understand “temperature” as the amount of internal energy of the particles at the moment. We can understand “heat” to be the transfer of energy from one particle to the next.

Stated another way, temperature is the average energy at that moment, while heat is the transfer of that energy. Thus “gaining heat” (absorbing energy strings) will “increase the temperature” of the particles, while “losing heat” (escaping energy strings) will “decrease the temperature” of the particles.  

Light as the Emission of the Photon System

The second way in which most energy strings are transferred is the Photon System. Using this system, the energy strings are passengers on a high speed photon core. This allows the energy strings to be transferred over very long distances in a short amount of time.

Rather than free energy strings being shaken out of one particle and then entering nearby particles (“heat”), the photon system launches a particle with energy strings attached.

This photon system will usually travel a long distance before being absorbed by another particle. Once absorbed, many of the energy strings are pulled off the photon, and become internal energy strings of the new particle. Thus, at this moment the energy strings have been transferred.

Heat vs Light - and Distance

Note that photon system is effective for transferring energy strings over long distances. The distance traveled depends of course on the thickness and density of the source material. This is why many photons will be re-absorbed many times in the star before being fully emitted from the outer layers. Yet once emitted from the surface layers, the photon system will travel for millions of miles to its next destination.

The heat mechanism generally travels short distances. This is because the free energy strings are released during collision, which means there are particles nearby to absorb quickly.

Furthermore, the mechanisms to emit are different. The heat mechanism involves shaking of the particle after a collision, which allows many energy strings to be released. The photon system mechanism involves a type of rocket launch; no collision is required, and in fact there I often space between particles. Therefore, the heat mechanism will encounter a second particle quickly, whereas the photon mechanism will not encounter a second particle until much later.

MF

May 2018

 

 

The Five Fundamental Energy Types

Overview

It is my conclusion that there are only 5 Fundamental Energy Types. All energies and forces currently known to science can be traced to only 5 distinct energy types.

These Fundamental Energy types are: Electric, Magnetic, Gravitational, Nuclear Binding, and Mu.

And of these 5, the most common in our energy experiences are the Main Three: Electrical Energy, Magnetic Energy, and Gravitational Energy.

Furthermore: Each of these five fundamental energy types has essentially the same physical structure, and often perform the same physical processes. They differ only in the type of energy.

I developed these ideas approximately 2 years ago, and have been writing details on these ideas since that time. In this article, I will provide a shortened version of some of those concepts.

Detailed Discussion and Drawings in Other Publications

I have already discussed and illustrated this elsewhere, including the paper “New Conceptual Structures of Energy Strings”, and the book “Introduction to Gravity Strings”.

Here I will provide a shorter version of these concepts. The goals are to a) educate more people about these concepts, and b) provide a beginning article for future discoveries on energy that I will publish soon.

Basic Structure of Each Energy Type

What is energy? I have discovered the basic physical structure and physical process for all of the fundamental types of energy. This structure is a group of energy units which are similar to a school of fish. Thus, these energy units, these “energy fish” swim together, and create a grouping of energy. This grouping of energy I call the “energy string”.

Note that this version of the Energy String is very different from any previous concepts of energy strings.

The basic structure of each energy string (each “school” of “energy fish”) is essentially the same. The only difference is the type of energy unit (each type of energy fish). Thus: electrical energy, magnetic energy, gravitational energy, and nuclear binding energy are identical, except for the type of “energy fish” which the grouping is made of.

I usually refer to a grouping of energy fish as an “energy string”, because from a distance, the aggregation of energy fish and the movement of the energy fish looks very much like a string flowing and waving through the air.

Energy Fish Merging and Migrating

These energy units are very much like energy fish. They act individually, and collectively. Individually, each energy fish is able travel its own direction. It can also merge with groupings of other similar energy fish, or wander off on its own. This merging and leaving is how the group of energy fish increases or decreases.

The energy fish also flow collectively, similar to any school of fish. As a group, these energy fish migrate in the same direction at the same time. Thus we have groups of energy migrating from one region to another. It is this migration of the groups of energy units (traveling of energy fish) which causes all flow of energy transfer.

Energy Transfer is Energy Fish Leaving the Area

Any time we say that “energy is transferred” the specific physical processes is that these groups of energy units have left the region. You can think of this as a group of energy fish which has migrated to a different location.

Thus: when energy “leaves” a system, the energy fish have migrated from the area. When energy “enters” a system, the energy fish have migrated to that area.

Energy Strings as Driver Strings to Move Objects

These energy strings are also responsible for the motion of all objects. When energy strings are inside of a particle, they push the particle from the inside, causing the particle to move forward.

When the energy strings are inside a particle and propel the particle in this way, I refer to those strings as “Driver Strings”. This differentiates the energy strings from free energy strings, and from field strings (see below).

Energy Strings as Field Strings

There has been much misunderstanding on the true nature of the “energy field”. An energy field is simply a group of energy strings which are fixed to particles and extend outward to some distance. (The details are illustrated in other publications).

As a simple analogy: hold your hand and wiggle your fingers; the energy field strings are very similar. These energy strings are attached to the particles, yet extend into the air or space beyond.

Therefore, whenever we hold a measuring device above the set of particles, the ends of these energy strings will enter the device, and the device registers the energy. This is what the devices are actually measuring when the devices measure an “energy field”.

Whether an “electrical energy field”, a “magnetic energy field”, or a “gravitational energy field”, the basic physical structure and physical reality is the same.

Pushing or Pulling

Energy strings are capable of pushing or pulling. If the energy strings are located inside a particle, they will push on the inside. If the energy strings are attached to the outside of the particle, they will pull from the outside. (These processes are illustrated in other publications).

Binding Strings

The energy strings are also capable of being “binding strings”. These energy strings can pull objects together, and hold them together. (The specific processes will be described in future publications).

The main process of binding involves large scale merging of energy fields. When the energy field strings of one particle merges with the energy field strings of another particle, this creates one longer and thicker energy string. The two objects are now physically connected.

This is the process for magnetic energy and nuclear binding energy.

Note that gravitational energy is slightly different. Gravitational energy is very effective at pulling particles together. However, even when two objects are physically next to each other, they are not “bound together” in the same way that nuclear strings or magnetic strings do.

Particle Structure of Energy Strings

Note also that ALL particles, of any type, are composed of these energy strings. The longest energy strings intertwine, which creates a ball of energy.

Some of the energy units (within regions of each string) merge together, creating concentrated energy, which is also what we know of as “mass”. Thus, these energy strings also provide the physical structure for all matter in the universe. (This process is illustrated in other publications and videos).

All Fundamental Energies are Same Structure

Therefore, all 5 of the fundamental energy types have the same physical structure. Each one is composed of “energy fish” which travel together as a group, which we call an “energy string”. The only structural difference between these energies is the type of energy unit, the type of energy fish, which is part of the group.

Any of these strings can also be involved in a variety of functions. These include: Free Energy Strings; Driver Strings; Field Strings; and Binding Strings. In each of these cases, the physical structure has not changed, only the location, and use of the strings.

Different Uses of Each Type of Fundamental Energy

However, some of these fundamental energies operate slightly differently than others, and are more often used in some situations that others.

1. Energy Transfer: when energy transfer occurs, this is usually electrical energy or magnetic energy.

2. Binding Energy: Binding energy is usually Gravitational Energy, Nuclear Binding Energy, or Magnetic Energy. Note that gravitational energy is the most effective at bringing objects together; however nuclear and magnetic energy are the best at physically merging the strings and creating a longer lasting bond.

3. Particle Structures: Particle structures are usually composed of long electrical energy strings and long magnetic energy strings. This is the composition for all stable particles.

Details of Each Energy String in Other Publications

Because these five types of energy are the Fundamental Energy Types, they are discussed in many of my publications, and will be continued to be discussed in many more.

At this point we can offer a few concepts related to each of these fundamental energy types.

1. Electrical Energy: Electrical energy strings are the cause of electrical fields and electrical currents. When electrical energy strings are transferred from one electron to another, this is the physical process of electrical current. Note that the electrons will move to some degree, because the energy strings push the electrons causing the electron to travel and hit the next electron, where the electrical energy is transferred from one electron to the next. However it is really the transfer of electrical energy that makes the current, not the movement of electrons.

2. Magnetic Energy: Magnetic energy strings are the primary cause of motion for most particles. These magnetic energy strings are also known for holding certain metals together. This process occurs because the magnetic energy strings of the two objects merge together, creating a strong bond. This can be done across the empty space because the magnetic strings of each metal can be very long. The magnetic energy strings have merged together, between the objects, and hold therefore hold their respective objects together.

3. Electrical Energy and Magnetic Energy Together: The electrical energy strings and magnetic energy strings often operate together. They are both responsible for motion of particles. They are both responsible for binding particles together. Both are the primary energy strings in particle structures. And of course both are the energies involved in the energies of photons (“electromagnetic energy”).

4. Nuclear Binding Energy: These energy strings are the shortest and thickest of energy strings. They operate at very close range, binding the particles of the nucleus together.

5. Gravity Strings: Gravity strings are attached to the outside of particles. Their purpose is to pull each particle together; which creates the mutual gravitational pull. (See the book “Introduction to Gravity Strings” for full details). Some videos: Gravity Strings 1 / Gravity Strings 2

6. Mu Strings: This is new type of energy strings which I have discovered. I am in the process of understanding all of what it can do. At this time, I believe the Mu String is a textured energy string, like a cloth, or a parachute, which tends to be substantial in dimensions, yet sparse in the individual energy units. It will flow long distances, yet not interfere with most of the physical processes.

However, the Mu Strings do convey energy in a similar way that a parachute may approach gracefully, and impart subtle energy in particular situations.

I also think that the Mu Strings may be connection in energies between the physical and metaphysical.

Concluding Thoughts

After studying all aspects of energy over many years, I have determined that there are only 5 fundamental energy types: Electric, Magnetic, Gravitational, Nuclear Binding, and Mu. All other types of energies can be traced to these energies.

I have also developed the physical structure and main physical processes for these fundamental energies. All energies are essentially groupings of energy units, flowing independently and together, similar to a school of fish.

Additional details can be found in books and articles I have published. Details will be further developed in articles and books currently in progress.

 

M.F.

New Explanations of Motion and Momentum now Published

My book on Motion and Momentum is now available. This book is available as both an e-book and a paperback edition. This book explains Motion and Momentum - more accurately and more intuitively than most books.

“Momentum Understood as Energy Strings and Molecular Motion”

The e-book version: http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00U34IZK0

Paperback version:  https://www.createspace.com/5346783

Some of the topics include:

1. Motion understood using Atoms and Energy Strings

2. Momentum using Atoms and Energy strings

3. Energy Transfer Processes

4. Energy flows in Multiple Directions

5. Observable Motion of Objects versus Molecular Motion

6. Speeding Up, Slowing Down, and Sudden Turns

7. Friction understood as Physical Entities

8. Friction and Momentum: New Understanding of Common Situations

9. Speed of Light: Constant Energy versus Constant Speed

The explanations I offer are much more accurate than those commonly used in physics texts.

Also note that the last three items are significant on their own. Friction was never understood (as a physical entity, what it is, and how it works) until I presented it in this book.

And the sections on the Speed of Light...comparing constant energy versus constant speed...provide a summary of major insights in this area, which will be more fully presented in other books.

It is a short book, and sounds like a simple topic...as if it has been done a hundred times before...but really there is much here that is new to science, and will advance the way we think about many important processes related to motion.

“Momentum Understood as Energy Strings and Molecular Motion”

e-bookversion: http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00U34IZK0

paperback version:  https://www.createspace.com/5346783

 

 

 

Momentum as Molecular Motion p1

Introduction

When you are driving in a car and slam on the brakes, all the books and packages fly forward. Why is this? Physicists will call it “inertia” and “momentum”. However, explaining this process as “inertia” does not give the complete understanding. A more accurate understanding would be that the molecules are continuing to travel at the same speed though the vehicle has stopped. This is the real reason.

Therefore we will take a new look at the inertia of objects in motion. Instead of discussing “inertia” and “momentum”, we will discuss the following: molecules in motion, internal energy, and the degree of energy transfer.

Traditional Physics: Either Unclear or Not Accurate

When physics books or websites talk about inertia of objects, the explanations are either unclear or not accurate.

Let us first assume that the physicists do know what is going on at molecular level. We shall give them credit for such knowledge. However, if they do know these answers then they are not able to explain it to us.

On the other hand, it could also be the case that the physicists are not quite understanding the true cause of for these “inertia” situations.

Either way, we will now remedy the situation by explaining the “inertia” of objects in a completely different way.

Inertia and Motion in Brief

Inertia, for the purposes of this article, is essentially the ability of an object to keep moving.

To understand this, we must first review the understanding of “motion”. Every object moves based on the motion of its molecules, and more specifically the forward motion of its protons.

The protons are the engines of the atom. Thus, as the protons move forward, so does the atom, and as the atoms move forward, so do the molecules. Therefore, when the majority of protons (and therefore the majority of molecules) throughout an object move forward, then the object as a whole will move forward.

In other words, every object, from a book to a planet, is self-propelled. Every object is always moving – always being self-propelled by the protons inside the object.

Consider a book. For a book to move forward, the protons must first acquire energy, and then those protons must be moving in the same direction. When enough of the protons of the book, each have enough energy, then that book will move forward.

This is the basic mechanism for motion – for any object, regardless of size, structure, or composition.

Object in Motion Tends to Stay in Motion

Once this object is in motion, it stays in motion. As Newton said “An object in Motion tends to stay in motion”. This is because the object is self-propelled. The energy strings are inside the protons, and there the energy strings will remain, pushing on the protons, propelling the object as a whole forward.

Therefore, once the object (such as a book) is in motion, that object will continue to move in that direction, and at that same speed, for a long time.

Speed of Objects

Now that we have objects in motion, we will consider the speed. The speed of any object depends on the number of energy strings inside that object.

Specifically, there are energy strings located in each proton which push that proton forward. The number of energy strings then determines the speed: more energy strings inside a proton will push it faster.

Then we consider the object as a whole. There are billions of protons throughout the object – even something as simple as a book. As we add more and more energy strings to the object, these energy strings spread throughout the object, and enter into each of the protons. Therefore, with greater energy inside all these protons, the object itself will move faster.

This is how we observe an object, as a whole, to move at faster speeds.

Inertia and Momentum for

Same Object at Different Speeds

Therefore, at this stage, the concepts of inertia and momentum really mean the total internal energy of the object. Specifically, the total internal energy is the total number of energy strings, within all of the protons throughout the object.

Comparing the two books of the same size: one book with greater total energy will travel faster. This is because the total number of energy strings is greater. First this means that there are more energy strings per proton, pushing each proton faster. Second, it very likely that there are these many more energy strings in all the protons throughout the entire book. Therefore we have billions of protons, with this greater number of energy strings, pushing their protons faster. The net result is that the entire object (the book) propels itself much faster.

If no other forces act on that book, it will continue to travel at that faster speed for a long time. Similarly, if that faster book hits the wall, that book will cause more of a dent, as there is more energy which can be imparted from the book to the wall.

Thus, these examples demonstrate “inertia” and “momentum” based on molecular motion and internal energy strings.

Inertia and Momentum for Objects of Different Mass

We can also understand the concepts of inertia and momentum based on the mass of objects. It is well known that an object with greater mass will have more “inertia” and more “momentum”. We can now understand this at the molecular level.

Consider two objects of very different mass – such as a book and a car. Let us get both of those objects to move at the same speed.

In any object, most of the mass is in the protons and the neutrons. Then remember that the protons are the engines of the atoms. Therefore, when an object has more mass, such as a car, it has more protons. This means that there are more “engines” of the many more atoms to be “filled” with energy.

Consequently, this will require significantly more energy strings to be distributed throughout the object in order to get the object to move. Remember that regardless of the object, we are basically getting the protons to move; and to get any proton to move at a particular speed will require a specific amount of energy strings.

The difference then is in the total number of protons throughout the object, and therefore the total number of energy strings which must be applied and distributed throughout the object.

This is why you can push the book easily with a simple press of the hand. Your hand has enough energy strings to easily be applied to the entire book, and move it forward. Yet to push the car that same speed will require several people – and often pushing their whole bodies. This is because of the amount of energy strings required to reach all the protons requires that many people give of their energy strings; and using their entire bodies helps distribute the energy strings throughout the car more easily.

Thus, this is why the difference in mass of two objects will require different amounts of energy strings applied, in order to move the two objects at the same speed.

Energy Strings Upon Impact

As a corollary: note that an object with greater number of energy strings will be able to transfer more energy upon impact. This is also an aspect of what we commonly know of as either inertia or momentum.

It does not matter if the object has more energy strings due to greater speed, or due to greater mass. The result will be the same: whenever there are more internal energy strings prior to impact, there will be more energy strings transferred after impact.

This greater number of energy strings after impact can then do several things to the impacted object. This will often propel the object forward at a fast speed, or separate the molecules from each other (resulting in cracks or causing pieces to break off).

Total Number of Energy Strings as Inertia or Momentum

Thus, again, we return to the concept of “total number of energy strings”. This concept is really the central concept behind motion, speed, inertia, and momentum.

As we discussed above, when we have two objects of the same size, the one which moves faster will have more overall energy strings. This greater amount of energy strings is necessary to move the protons faster, and thus move the book as a whole faster.

Also, as discussed above, when we have two objects of different mass, but want them to travel at the same speed, we must apply more energy strings to the object of greater mass. Remember that the number of energy strings required per proton to move each proton at a particular speed will be the same for all protons, in any object. However, the object with greater mass has many more protons, and therefore will require a greater amount of energy strings to be applied and distributed throughout that object.

In either situation, the object with the “greater momentum” or “greater inertia” will in fact have a greater total number of energy strings.

This will result in several practical effects, which are often observed. For example: it will often take longer to get a large object moving, or to move any one object faster; this is because it takes more time to apply enough energy needed, and to distribute that energy throughout the object.

Similarly, it takes longer to slow the more massive object, or a faster moving object, because all of those energy strings must be removed again.

And of course, when that object impacts another object the number of energy strings will be greater, and therefore the amount of energy transferred will be greater.

[Additional details will be presented in future blogs. There is also a book in progress on these topics which will be published soon.]

 



Photon Core as Supporting Material For Light

Overview

Scientists have long debated what the “medium” is for light. I read a book recently which essentially said that nobody really knows what the medium, or underlying substructure is, for electromagnetic energy.

I immediately thought: “The answer is quite simple. It is the photon core.” And then I thought of some analogies which would easily explain this situation.

Therefore this article will be an easy presentation of the photon core as supporting material for all frequencies of electromagnetic energy.

Background: Photon System Solved

Before we begin, it is important for the reader to know that I have solved the physical substructure of electromagnetic energy. I have worked out every physical nuance of the system.

In fact, the details are so intimately worked out and illustrated that it is practically a blueprint. You could essentially build a photon based on the details and illustrations I have developed.

This detailed physical structure of electromagnetic energy, which I call the “Photon System”, is fully explained and illustrated in my upcoming book “Photons in Motion.”

It is important that you know how well the photon system has been worked out, because what I provide below is just a brief version, with a friendly analogy. Stated another way: I already know more than what I write here. This article is not about the full details, but rather the basic idea of how it works.

The Photon Core is the Supporting Material for EM

The supporting material for all of electromagnetic energy is the Photon Core. It is as simple as that. The photon core is the medium, the physical structure, which delivers electromagnetic energy from one location to another.

Note that there are still many scientists who view EM as a wavy string, which is absolutely incorrect. Despite Einstein and Compton proving the existence of photons, many scientists still consider EM like an accordion or a spring, which can be stretched and compressed. This is absolutely incorrect. Electromagnetic energy is first and foremost a particle, and the center of this system is the “Photon Core”.

Photon Core as a Train

The photon core is very similar to a train. In fact, it is easiest to think of the photon core as a very high-speed train.

Think about a high speed train: passengers get on at one point, and get off at another. The train is the vehicle which carries the passengers there. The photon core is very similar: energy gets on the “train” (the photon core) at one location, and gets off the train (leaves the photon core) at another location. It is as simple as that.

The photon core is like the high speed train in another way. The high speed trains are usually designed for extremely long distances, which means no stops in between. Thus, the passengers get on the train, the train goes extremely fast, for a very long distance. At the other end, the passengers get off the train.

The photon core is much the same way. Energy strings get “on” the photon core, just as the passengers get on the train. Then the photon core travels at an extremely high speed, for a very long distance. When the photon core is absorbed later on, this can be considered the “destination”. At this point, the energy strings get off of the photon core. Thus, electromagnetic energy has been transferred.

Photon Core as Permanent Vehicle

There is another useful, and important, aspect of comparing the photon core to a train. Both are permanent vehicles.

You know that the train never changes or disappears. The train always remains intact. It is only the specific people who get on and off the train which will change each time. The train itself remains unchanged and permanent.

In a similar way, the photon core is a permanent vehicle. The photon core never changes. The photon core never disappears. It is only the energy strings which get on and off the photon core that changes. The photon will always remain the permanent, unchanging method of transport.

EM Transportation in the Photon System

Thus, like the train, wherever the photon core is at any one time, energy strings can get on. At the right moment the photon (with its “passenger” energy strings) will be launched into the air. This photon core, as a vehicle, will travel with its energy string passengers over a long distance, until the photon core is absorbed. There, the energy strings will get off, and proceed to interact with the particle which absorbed the photon.

At the same time, energy strings already in that particle can get “on” the photon core – just as people at that new location can get on the train. And again, when the situation is right, the entire photon system will be launched – in a similar way to the train leaving the station.

This is the basic process of how electromagnetic energy is transported from one location to another.   

Summary

Therefore you can see that the photon core is really a vehicle, a method of transport, for the electromagnetic energy. The photon core is like the high-speed train which goes from place to place, while the energy strings are like the passengers which get on and off the train at different locations.

That is the basic physical structure of conveying electromagnetic energy. That is basic process. When you understand it, you will realize that it is all quite simple.

Mark Fennell

Jan 20, 2015

 

Einstein Flaws in Logic Regarding Photon Energy vs Relativistic Mass of Other Objects

Overview

Recently I discovered another flaw in Einstein’s logic. His General Theory of Relativity is flawed in many ways, some of which I have discussed elsewhere. This is yet another way that it is flawed.

There are actually two flaws here. One flaw is regarding the structure of the photon. The second flaw is his inconsistent logic regarding energy versus mass for objects at high speed.

Einstein’s Flaws in Brief

In brief, the flaws of Einstein’s logic are as follows:

1. Photons: Mass or No Mass

Einstein says photons have no mass. However, if photons have no mass, they would have no gravitational energy. And therefore the photons could not be gravitationally affected by stars. Processes such as Gravitational Bending of Light and Black Holes would not exist. Thus, in contrast to Einstein’s belief, all photons MUST have mass.

2. Speed of Light and Energy versus Mass: Inconsistent Logic

Einstein says that photons are pure energy, and that this is the cause for the speed of light. However, he also says that no other object can travel the speed of light because…it will never have enough energy.

In his view, adding more energy to any other object, at those high speeds, will not remain as energy, but be converted into mass. Yet the photon, traveling at that speed, is pure energy.

Einstein wants it both ways. He wants the photon’s energy to remain as energy at those speeds, yet he wants the energy of any other object at those speeds to turn into mass. This is inconsistent. You can’t have it both ways.

(FYI, the true answers are presented in my books “Introduction to Gravity Strings” and “Photons in Motion”.

Photons: Mass or No Mass

Einstein says that a photon has no mass. He believes the photon is pure energy only.

Here Einstein is partially right. The speed of the photon is indeed due to the immense amount of pure energy involved. However, I have discovered the true structure of the photon, and it does indeed have mass. (Details and illustrations are in various books I have written).

Furthermore, supposing I hadn’t discovered the structure of the photon. We would still find flaws in the idea that the photon has no mass.

We know that gravitational energy is associated with the mass of the object. We also know that photons can be affected by gravity – including the process of gravitational bending of light. (This is the process which supposedly “proved” Einstein’s General Relativity). Therefore, the photon could only be affected by gravitational energy if the photon has mass. For this reason alone, the photon must have mass; it cannot exist as “no mass”.

Note that I demonstrate in detail how photons have mass, and gravitational energy, in my book “Introduction to Gravity Strings”. This will be further illustrated and presented in the book “Photons in Motion”. 

 

Energy Versus Mass, Approaching the Speed of Light

The other flaw in Einstein’s logic is far more substantial, and far more damaging, to the credibility of his Relativity Theories. This inconsistent logic is how he applies Energy versus Mass as objects approach the speed of light.

Einstein famously said that no object can travel faster than the speed of light. His reasoning (flawed) is that no other objects will be able to have enough energy to travel that fast. And this is not a matter of mechanics or engineering. Einstein says that as the object approaches the speed of light, any additional energy you add will be converted into mass, and not stay as energy. Therefore (conveniently to his logic) the object gets more and more massive, but will never actually “have” enough energy to go the speed of light.

His basic idea is that for most processes we add energy, and we get energy. The energy remains as energy. But, as we approach the speed of light, the energy (for some mysterious reason) would turn into mass.

The first red flag already appears. Why would additional energy turn into mass only at those highest speeds? Yet this is a minor flaw; the other flaws are more significant.

(Note that I have developed a mechanism for Energy to Convert into Mass, as well as for Mass to Convert into Energy. These mechanisms are illustrated in my book Photons in Motion).

Let’s pick Einstein’s arguments apart. And notice that he wants the physical processes to go two ways, which is inconsistent, and which can’t be done.

He says the photon has a lot of energy, at that very high speed. Yet for any other object, he won’t allow that object to have such great amount of energy….only because some of that additional energy has converted into mass. How can one object keep all its energy as energy, yet another object not be allowed to keep this energy? This is the basic flaw in the argument.

Let me use my own analogy. Think of our objects like two cars we fill up with fuel. Suppose they are similar size. Both hold a maximum of 20 gallons. We fill up the first car all the way with 20 gallons of fuel. In the second car we also add 20 gallons of fuel, but in the second car we only get 18 gallons of that fuel. The other 2 gallons are converted into mass. This seems inconsistent to me. Why would the process happen for one car, but not the other. This is the basic flaw in Einstein’s logic here.

Now let us extend to a photon and another object like a quark. The first object is our photon. The second object is…any other object, from a quark to a space ship. The fuel we use is “energy”.

We starting “filling” each object with energy. In both cases, the additional energy makes the objects go faster. But, as the objects have enough energy to get close to “the speed of light”, adding energy becomes something different. (Again, this is Einstein’s view, not mine). For the photon, adding energy will simply…add more energy. Makes sense. But he then says that adding energy to the other object will NOT remain as energy. Instead, it will convert into Mass.

This is inconsistent logic. It does not make sense. According to Einstein only the photon’s energy will be allowed to remain as energy, and yet the energy for every other object will not be allowed to remain as energy. This cannot be. The process must work the same for both. Even if we are talking about processes that work only at high speeds, the processes must be consistent for the photon as well as for any other object.

Therefore, this aspect of Einstein’s logic is flawed.

FYI, I have a detailed understanding of the processes. They are not complex, but they are completely different from the way Einstein and other physicists look at them. The real physical processes involve the structures of the particles themselves, as well as the nature of the energy strings contained within each particle. (All of this is illustrated in my book Photons in Motion). 

 

Relativistic Mass

Einstein also has a concept he calls “relativistic mass”. I do not believe that any such thing exists. The concept is that when any object reaches a certain speed, any additional energy will not remain as energy, but instantly be converted into mass. This new total mass is the “relativistic mass”.

For me, such as concept does not make sense. The speed of the object has nothing to do with it. I believe there is always a percentage of energy and a percentage of mass. Then it is only in the structure of the object which will determine what the percentage of energy versus percentage of mass is for that particle. Structure, not speed, will determine both the energy versus mass percentages.

(Again, these are discussed in my books, particularly Photons in Motion)

Speed of Light is NOT necessarily Limiting

This brings up a related question. Is the speed of light truly the limits of speed in the universe? There are two answers: theoretically, no. But practically, yes.

Einstein wanted a reason to state why speed of light was so fast. Yet in so doing he overstepped the territory of his discussion, and claimed that nothing could go faster than the speed of light, only because of this selective energy to mass conversion.

Really? We have just shown the inconsistent logic he applied. We have shown that the conversion of energy to mass, occurring only for some objects and not others, and only at high speeds, is a weak physics argument. It is a flimsy rationale.

Until a better set of arguments comes along, I am ready to discard the notion of “relativistic mass”. I am ready to discard the idea that the only reason objects don’t travel as fast as light is because of this energy to mass conversion.

However, as a practical concept, I am not sure that other objects can travel faster than the speed of light. This has nothing to do with “relativity” or any “limiting law”, but rather to the mechanics of objects as compared to the photon. Thus, the photon may still be the fastest object in the universe, but for different reasons than Einstein stated.

 

Concluding Thoughts

Einstein does have flaws in his logic. I find it from time to time. These are a few more cases where his logic is inconsistent.

For Einstein, these arguments, though flawed, got him to reach some new ideas. Some of those ideas are insightful and correct. However, many of those ideas are wrong, particularly General Relativity, and anything to do with the “constant speed of light”.